Volume 228, Issue 6, 15 September 2023

Modelling projects that HCV incidence will decrease by ≥80% over 2015–2030 (thus, achieving the WHO elimination target) among men who have sex with men and who inject drugs in San Francisco, largely due to high HCV testing and treatment.

The spatial variability in varicella seasonality across the tropical climates of Colombia may be explained by differences in the seasonal patterns of humidity across municipalities. This has implications for epidemic preparedness and vaccine program evaluations in tropical countries.

Results of a 2021 nationwide serosurvey in Georgia indicate the country has reduced the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection from 5.4% to 1.8% among adults since initiating a national hepatitis C elimination program in 2015, a reduction of 67%.

By activating the JAK-STAT pathway, alpha kinase 1 (ALPK1) exerts anti-hepatitis B virus effects in hepatocytes. Furthermore, the ALPK1 P660L variant predicts response to pegylated interferon α therapy in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B.

We find that standard and adjuvanted influenza vaccines both induce increases in humoral and cellular immunity that contract to baseline by D180. In the 2016–2017 influenza season, the primary difference between vaccines was humoral antineuraminidase immunity to A/H3N2.

Vaccination with the orally aerosolised Ad5-nCoV could result in some spillage of the vaccine vector viral particles in the environment. However, improvement of the vaccine nebulizer could reduce the potential risk of viral particles exposure associated with the vaccination.

We show that NL-CVX1, a de novo human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein decoy that blocks viral cell invasion, prevents severe disease after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in mice and may constitute a potent anti–SARS-CoV-2 treatment.

Primary series of NVX-CoV2373 vaccine with Matrix-M adjuvant induces polyfunctional CD4⁺ T-cell responses of balanced to moderately Th1-biased phenotype. Essentially equivalent cytokine production by vaccinee cells can be stimulated by spike proteins of ancestral or multiple variant sequences.

An individual polygenic risk score was associated with osteoporosis in people living with HIV. The genetic effect was robust, as it persisted after multivariable adjustment for established traditional and HIV-related osteoporosis risk factors, including tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and boosted protease inhibitor exposure.

This study examined differences in RSFC in persons with and without HIV. Analysis showed RSFC was not affected by HIV status. Within persons with HIV no differences in RSFC were seen with regards to detectable viral load or cognitive impairment.

This study highlights age-related evolution of malaria-specific antibody response and shows the natural evolution of functional humoral immunity to Plasmodium falciparum with age. Additionally, these data implicate specific antibody Fc-effector profiles in the control of malaria-associated disease in children.

Amplicon sequencing of congenital chagas infection reveals complex infection in infants, suggesting that congenital infection is the result of multiple inoculating parasite clones.

Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by GBA gene mutations, which result in macrophage dysfunction. CRISPR correction of L444P GBA mutation in hiPSCs restores normal function to Gaucher macrophages and increases their susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A secondary analysis utilizing a large, observational cohort of reproductive-age women revealed 48% of untreated urogenital chlamydia visits spontaneously cleared within the next 12 weeks. Amsel- and Nugent-defined bacterial vaginosis were associated with greater odds of persistence versus spontaneous clearance.

High-level antimicrobial resistance profiling of isolates from China in 2021 revealed sustained transmission of the penA-60.001 Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates, which might threaten further ceftriaxone treatment effectiveness.

Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous human pathogen and humanized mice can overcome various limitations of traditional mice to better translate in vivo findings to humans, and are thus a promising mouse model.