Volume 221, Issue 4, 15 February 2020

In a nested case-control study of 55 people with human immunodeficiency virus infection (PWH) with myocardial infarction (MI) and 182 PWH without known cardiovascular disease, soluble markers of interleukin 1 activation were associated with an increased risk of MI.

Immune factors that may be atheroprotective in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have not been well identified. Our observational study showed an inverse association between anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 and coronary plaque, suggesting that interleukin 10 may help mitigate atherosclerosis in HIV.

A case-control study nested in the French Hospital Database on HIV found no significant association between exposure to atazanavir or to darunavir and the risk of myocardial infarction in PWH.

Administration of rIL-15/anti-PD-L1 (Avelumab) in SIV-infected macaques was safe and well tolerated. Although no effects on viremia, treatment promoted expansion of SIV-specific CXCR3⁺PD1^−/low CD8 T-cell subset with potential to migrate to sites of viral reservoir and exert effector function.

Live respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine LID/∆M2-2/1030s attenuated by deletion of the RNA regulatory protein M2-2 and temperature-sensitivity mutation 1030s had excellent immunogenicity and genetic stability in RSV-seronegative 6- to 24-month-old children, making it an attractive candidate for further evaluation.

Analyses of inactivated polio vaccines made from Sabin live-attenuated or wild-type poliovirus strains revealed differences in antigenic properties that will have a major impact on the establishment of universal vaccine potency assays and the availability of suitable polio vaccines for the era after polio eradication.

Live poultry market interventions could decrease avian influenza virus (AIV) human infections and the detection rates of AIV in market environments. Policies should be constructed to ensure a unified criterion for surveillance studies to improve reliability and consistency.

Using historical data to create future projections, we found that cumulative spending for a polio permanent control strategy would exceed that for an eradication strategy in 2032 (range, 2027–2051). Eradication of polio would be cost-saving compared to permanent control.

Human adenovirus (HAdV) outbreaks are often inexplicable with sparse clinical epidemiological data. We sought to describe clinical HAdV genotypes and identify risk factors associated with severe disease among HAdV-positive patients seen at 2 hospitals in Singapore.

We generated polyfunctional norovirus-specific T cells that show cross-reactivity to variant viral epitopes and may be suitable for clinical use. We have determined, for the first time, a hierarchy of immunodominance of human norovirus antigens and identified multiple T-cell epitopes.

Serum M2BPGi level at time of antiviral therapy-induced virological remission predicts the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and all-cause mortality. Serial M2BPGi levels after virological remission declined significantly in non-HCC patients and remained significantly higher in patients who developed HCC afterwards.

This observational study demonstrates high efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin-B and miltefosine in combination for treatment of PKDL. Furthermore, the study establishes the utility of slit aspirate for monitoring parasite kinetics and as a test of cure in PKDL.

Azithromycin treatment used for Chlamydia trachomatis infection appears to have a long-lasting impact on the vaginal microbiota (up to 9 months), favoring L. iners–dominated communities, a known risk factor for C. trachomatis infection, thus fueling an increased susceptibility to reinfection.

High-affinity mucosal anti-G antibodies are a predictive immune marker for resolution of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in humans. The study identifies immune correlates of protection against RSV and highlights the importance of measuring mucosal antibodies and antibody affinity against both F and G.

The enzymatically active components of B anthracis toxins and bacteria can diffuse very early in the blood during inhalational anthrax model, paving the way for an ultra-precocious diagnosis and the setup of an early and effective treatment.

FPR activation enhances phagocytosis by neutrophils, because of stronger expression of complement receptor 1 and 3 as well as FCγ receptor I. Furthermore, FPR activation during phagocytosis augmented synergistically the release of IL-8 and thereby neutrophil recruitment and bacterial killing.