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Kathryn Gay, David S. Stephens, Structure and Dissemination of a Chromosomal Insertion Element Encoding Macrolide Efflux in Streptococcus pneumoniae, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 184, Issue 1, 1 July 2001, Pages 56–65, https://doi.org/10.1086/321001
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Abstract
Macrolide resistance associated with macrolide efflux (mef) has rapidly increased in Streptococcus pneumoniae We defined the genetic structure and dissemination of a novel mefE-containing chromosomal insertion element. The mefE gene was found on the 5′ end of a 5.5- or 5.4-kb insertion designated as the macrolide efflux genetic assembly (mega), which is found in ⩾4 distinct sites of the pneumococcal genome. The element was transformable and conferred macrolide resistance to susceptible S. pneumoniae The first 2 open-reading frames (ORFs) of the element formed an operon composed of mefE and a predicted adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette homologous to msrA Convergent to this efflux operon were 3 ORFs with homology to stress response genes of Tn5252 Mega was related to the recently described mefA-containing element Tn1207.1 but lacked the genes necessary for transposition and had unique termini and insertion sites. In metropolitan Atlanta, macrolide resistance due to mega rapidly increased in S. pneumoniae by clonal expansion and horizontally by transformation