.... The demographic growth of the Black Metropolis rested firmly on the continuous in-migration of primarily adults from the South—not only from the plantations of the Deep South and small towns but also cities such as Birmingham, New Orleans, Atlanta, and Mobile. Chicago's new Negro personality also bloomed and grew...

...This chapter focuses on Richard Durham's presentation of progressive blacks “as heroes fighting white supremacy” in Destination Freedom. Durham varied his storytelling approach, alternating between straightforward dramatic narratives and more whimsical or comical takes to create...

... and autonomy, create family and community bonds, and preserve homeland cultures while their own unique traditions emerged. It discusses the ways in which music and dance as well as song contributed to the development of a dual world that blacks continually straddled, one side representing entertainment...

... subjects, loyal Christians, and resisters to slavery. Part 3 shifts the discussion to the family and professional lives of free blacks in nineteenth-century Cuba, with particular emphasis on how they claimed categories of inclusion. Barbacoas Colombia Bryant Sherwin K Callao Peru Chancay Peru Guayaquil...

... of analysis of Afro-Latin America beyond the frame of slavery to include fuller explications of free black life. Several areas worth investigating are discussed, including the economic role of slaves and the human capital they accumulated under slavery; the rate and importance of manumission as well...

...This chapter discusses how questions related to where enslaved blacks fled have occupied historians of the southern experience for generations. Traditionally, the answers reached have pointed to the majority absconding to other southern states as opposed to the northern states. In that vein, John...

... own wanton pleasure—to highlight a view of black humanity, as well as the power accorded to sight at this historical moment as a means to acquire knowledge. The encounters with the suffering bodies of enslaved blacks and the humane insight of these confrontations challenged core principles of slavery...

...This chapter examines the Rocky Fork community's relationship to other nearby Black communities and to the Underground Railroad. Drawing on oral and family histories, it reconstructs the story of the African American presence at Rocky Fork, first by discussing the site's originating families...

...This chapter examines the connections between the Miller Grove community of free Blacks and the Underground Railroad. Established in 1844, Miller Grove is a cluster of rural farmsteads named for Bedford Miller, whose family stood among the sixty-eight people who received their freedom from one...

...This chapter examines the relationship between the Underground Railroad and Poke Patch's free Black community, arguing that routes connecting iron furnace regions surrounding the community reveal an overlooked escape strategy for those fleeing slavery. After providing an overview of Ohio's multiple...

...This chapter examines escape routes, churches, iron forges and furnaces, and waterways that make up the pathways to freedom and “the geography of resistance.” It considers the concept of freedom as a place by exploring the connections between freedom and the landscape, and between Black communities...

...Workers resisted precarity by attempting to make Miami a union town. Unionization efforts largely succeeded in the construction sector and other skilled trades. This organizing expanded during WWI to include such areas as street-car operation and retail work. Black workers also tried to organize...

...This chapter examines the aftermath of the South African War, focusing on the period from the conclusion of peace, when Lord (Horatio) Kitchener shook hands with the Boer delegates and pledged, “We are good friends now,” to the establishment of the National Party with anti-British and anti-black...

... and nationalism is stimulated. This conclusion also shows that blacks continued to suffer after the war, with the Boers and British both blocking any suggestion of advance. Finally, it considers the evolution of a system of racial oppression in South Africa that was to bedevil the country for much...

...The introduction outlines the history of Illinois, focusing on populations of southerners, immigrants, Indians, and enslaved blacks and their various effects on four constitutional conventions held between 1818 and 1869. The biography of Abraham Lincoln organizes the discussion: his migration...

... prohibiting free blacks from immigrating to the state and one calling for a property tax to relieve the state’s debt. With the 1848 constitution, Illinois transitioned from a frontier to a modern state. Democratic Party Illinois Illinois Constitution 1818 Illinois Constitution 1848 Whig Party Illinois...

...Chapter 5 summarizes important events in Illinois between 1848 and 1868, including population growth in the Chicago area and a shift in the state’s demographics. The major political debate, both locally and nationally, focused on the question of enslaved blacks. Senator Stephen Douglas supported...

...Chapter 6 covers the Civil War years, during which portions of Illinois leaned toward secession even as white and black regiments mustered for service. The heavily partisan 1862 constitutional convention was led by Democrats who overstepped their charge, tackling the essential issues of increasing...

...This chapter explores farmers' strategies for recruiting and disciplining a diverse workforce of slaves, free blacks, and hired whites. Regardless of the composition of their workforces, landowners labored under certain imperatives: they needed to eliminate or at least trim the cost of supporting...

...This chapter describes a new period in Nixon's life as well as the storied history of Blacks in El Paso. Nixon would settle in this city alongside his childhood friend Le Roy White and practice his medicine there for the next fifty years. His time in El Paso would prove to be an eventful one, as he...