... the “noble goddesse Nature,” who is evident to him only after he has seen Venus herself. The Temple of the Venus in Spenser's fourth book draws a site in which Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls was in a refractive way that may not be appreciated. Chaucer Geoffrey form intertext term...

...” Nature as noble guardian. This situation allows us to understand the formel's response as “a combination of caution and resolution,” strategically phrased to defuse its relationship to any action. Chaucer Geoffrey Parliament of Fowls Chaucer Alanus of Lille De planctu naturae De planctu naturae Alanus...