... the development of pulmonary vascular disease with vasoconstriction and remodelling of the pulmonary arterial bed ( Figure 1 ). Figure 1 The best pulmonary hypertension-left heart disease therapeutic approach includes the correction of the underlying substrate, the optimization of heart failure...

...) is a haemodynamic condition that affects ∼1% of the global population. It may be associated with a variety of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Left heart disease (LHD) is the leading cause of PH, and the global burden has doubled from 1990 to 2013. ^{1 , 2} Pulmonary hypertension is now defined...

... thrombo-embolic pulmonary hypertension Left heart disease Congenital heart disease Lung disease Connective tissue disease Endothelin receptor antagonists Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators Prostacyclin analogues Prostacyclin receptor agonists Pulmonary...

... 28 03 2022 Corresponding author. Tel: +1 507 284 4442, Fax: +1 507 266 0228, Email: [email protected] Conflict of interest: none declared. Left heart disease (LHD) is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH). ^1–5 While PH-LHD is initially caused by passive...

... therapies specifically targeting PH and lung remodelling associated with left heart diseases (LHD). PBI-4050 (3-pentylbenzeneacetic acid sodium salt) is an orally active fatty acid (FA) synthetic analogue derived from decanoic acid. ⁶ PBI-4050 is a modulator of the G protein-coupled receptors...

... international normalized ratio IPAH idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension Ipc-PH isolated post-capillary pulmonary hypertension IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis i.v. intravenous IVC inferior vena cava LA left atrium/atrial LHD left heart disease LV left...

..., according to the clinical group, and symptomatic and haemodynamic severity. For these reasons, the four more frequent clinical groups are discussed individually, while the classifications are described in the Introduction section. pulmonary hypertension heart failure left heart disease parenchymal lung...

...European Society of Cardiology Pulmonary hypertension is a common complication of left heart diseases. Although it may be encountered in all disorders, pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease is most common in heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction. When present, pulmonary...

... clinical groups are discussed individually, while the classifications are described in the Introduction section. pulmonary hypertension heart failure left heart disease parenchymal lung disease pulmonary embolism pulmonary hypertension PH echocardiography pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH...