...European Society of Cardiology Vascular rings constitute 2% of all congenital cardiac malformations. Accurate prevalence is difficult to estimate because of the lack of symptoms in a significant proportion of cases. ‘Vascular ring’ refers to a variety of congenital vascular anomalies that encircle...

...European Society of Cardiology The definitive cardiac outflow tracts have three components: the intra-pericardial arterial trunks, the arterial roots, and the ventricular outflow tracts. Improved correlations between normal development and cardiac malformations can be obtained by analysing...