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40 Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction
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Published:February 2021
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This version:June 2023
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Abstract
Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction are those caused by ruptures or geometrical distortions of cardiac structures. Cardiac ruptures are currently rare complications, less than 1% in the era of reperfusion therapy, but often with catastrophic consequences, and include free wall rupture, the most frequent, interventricular septal rupture, and papillary muscle rupture. The clinical presentation may vary from unusually milder presentations to sudden presentation with severe hypotension, cardiogenic shock, or electro-mechanical dissociation. Therefore, immediate diagnosis is key, generally by echocardiography, followed by resuscitation and/or haemodynamic support, pharmacological or mechanical. In the majority of cases, these complications require urgent surgical repair. In some cases, percutaneous therapies may be a valid alternative. Mechanical complications due to geometrical distortion include functional ischaemic mitral regurgitation, ventricular aneurysms, and intraventricular thrombosis. These complications are more frequent than ruptures and, in general, less severe, ranging from accidental findings by imaging techniques in asymptomatic patients to advanced heart failure. Most often these complications can be treated medically and occasionally may need surgical therapy.
Update:
Small updates to the text.
A new figure added to the ‘Functional ischaemic mitral regurgitation’ section of the text.
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