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32 Nutrition support in acute cardiac care
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Published:February 2015
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This version:February 2018
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Abstract
Malnutrition in cardiac and critical illness is associated with a compromised clinical outcome. The aim of nutrition therapy is to prevent these complications and particularly to attenuate lean tissue wasting and the loss of muscle force and of physical function. During the last decade, several well-powered randomized controlled nutrition trials have been performed. Their results challenge the existing nutrition practices in critically ill patients. Enhancing the nutritional intake and the administration of specialized formulations failed to evoke clinical benefit. Some interventions even provoked an increased mortality or a delayed recovery. These unexpected new findings might be, in part, caused by an important leap forward in the methodological quality in the recent trials. Perhaps reversing early catabolism in the critically ill patient by nutrition or anabolic interventions is impossible or even inappropriate. Nutrients effectively suppress the catabolic intracellular autophagy pathway. But autophagy is crucial for cellular integrity and function during metabolic stress, and consequently its inhibition early in critical illness might be deleterious. Evidence from large nutrition trials, particularly in acute cardiac illness, is scarce. Nutrition therapy is therefore focused on avoiding iatrogenic harm. Some enteral nutrition is administered if possible and eventually temporary hypocaloric feeding is tolerated. Above all, the refeeding syndrome and other nutrition-related complications should be prevented. There is no indication for early parenteral nutrition, increased protein doses, specific amino acids, or modified lipids in critical illness.
Update:
Several thousands of patients have been evaluated in recent nutrition RCT’s in critical illness. The design of the interventions varied and ...More
Update:
Several thousands of patients have been evaluated in recent nutrition RCT’s in critical illness. The design of the interventions varied and likewise did the inclusion criteria. We have included the most important recent RCT’s in this updated version. These trials further corroborate our initial conclusion. Early nutrition interventions don’t save lives in ICU and may be deleterious. Particularly the often recommended provision of higher protein doses appears to be unfounded. Probably clinical focus and research in ICU nutrition would better shift towards those patients staying longer than a week in ICU for whom no evidence based clinical guidance is available today.
We didn’t identify important new comparative studies specific for patients after cardiac surgery or in the coronary care unit. The Nutrirea-2 RCT may generate more specific guidance regarding enteral versus parenteral nutrition in patients requiring vasopressors.
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