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John Simpson, Leo Lopez, Philippe Acar, Mark Friedberg, Nee Khoo, Helen Ko, Jan Marek, Gerald Marx, Jackie McGhie, Folkert Meijboom, David Roberson, Annemien Van den Bosch, Owen Miller, Girish Shirali, Three-dimensional echocardiography in congenital heart disease: an expert consensus document from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography, European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging, Volume 17, Issue 10, October 2016, Pages 1071–1097, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jew172
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Abstract
Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has become important in the management of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly with pre-surgical planning, guidance of catheter intervention, and functional assessment of the heart. 3DE is increasingly used in children because of good acoustic windows and the non-invasive nature of the technique. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the optimal application of 3DE in CHD including technical considerations, image orientation, application to different lesions, procedural guidance, and functional assessment.