Index

For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52–53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages.

Tables and figures are indicated by t and f following the page number

21 de Abril settlement (Recife, Brazil)138

Abrams, Charles19–20, 22–23, 26–27, 28, 289–90

Accra (Ghana)99, 376

Addams district (Chicago)29

Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)98

Aden (Yemen)288

Afghanistan99

African Americans
in Boston149–50, 153–54, 338–39
in Chicago336, 337–38, 341, 346
in Cincinnati186, 189–90, 191, 192, 193, 195–96, 298–99
in Detroit336, 337, 342, 474–75, 481
gangs and342
homelessness among149–50, 153–54
in Los Angeles336
migration to cities during twentieth century among332, 334, 335, 336, 481
Myrdal on93
in New York City336, 337–38, 339, 341, 446, 451–52
segregation and discrimination against301–2, 303, 305, 336–38, 343–45

African Association of Planning Schools (AAPS)393

African National Congress65–66

Afzalpurkar, Dinesh544

Agar Town (London)202–3

Agenda21, 96

alcoholism
South Boston homeless population and149–50, 151, 155
in Victorian and Edwardian London42, 45, 46–47, 216, 412–13

Aldrete-Hass, Jose94

Allahabad (India)288

Almrita Patel case (India)322

Alson, Philip48

Amaraji (Brazil)139

Anbinder, Tyler446

Ancoats district (Manchester)28, 29–30

Anderson, John472

Annan, Kofi3–4

“Annawadi settlement” (research site for Katherine Boo in Mumbai)38, 40–41, 48

Anshe Chesed synagogue (New York City)449

archaeological evidence
assumptions and stereotypes regarding slums reassessed through487, 488, 489, 490f, 492, 494–97
Detroit sites and471–72, 476, 478–81, 480f
digital humanities research and488–89
Exploring the Archaeology of the Modern City project and489–90, 491, 493
historical methodology and487–88, 492–93
Melbourne sites and9, 486, 487–89, 490, 492–93, 494–96
New York City sites and446–48, 449–51, 450f, 453–56, 455f, 457f
Sydney sites and489–91, 492–94, 495–96

Argentina90, 126–27, 503

Arora, Sandeep98

Arputham, Jokin374–75, 377, 385, 394

Arraes, Miguel138–39

Asian Coalition for Housing Rights (ACHR)374–76, 377–82, 383, 387, 388t

Asian Financial Crisis (1997-98)75

Association for Clothing Children47–48

Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor (New York City)188

Association of Boston Urban Priests151

Atlanta (Georgia)305, 347

Attlee, Clement231–32

Aungier, Gerard539

Australia. See Melbourne (Australia); See Sydney (Australia)

Aves, Ernest215

Avondale Park (London)418

Baan Man Kong program (Bangkok)79, 86

Bachelard, Gaston8

Bahia state (Brazil)126

Baldwin, James339

Bales, Kevin206

balki (slums in Russia’s oil-producing towns)365–66

Baltimore (Maryland)340–41, 342, 344–45, 430–31, 466–67

Bandemer’s Hotel (Detroit)469–70, 471–72

Bandra Kurla Complex (Mumbai)544

Banerjee-Guha, Swapna319–20

Bangalore (India)21, 319

Bangkok (Thailand).
Asian Financial Crisis (1997-98) and75
fires during 1960s in431
khlong (canal) network in74
khlong settlements in79–80
luxury housing and corporate offices in73, 75, 76–78
migration from Burma and Cambodia to74, 76
relocation of the port during 1930s and 1940s in74
rural migration to74, 75–76, 79
shophouse rows in74–77
slum clearance in75–76, 79
violence in slums of31

Bangladesh factory fire (2012)296

Bangor Street area (London). See also Notting Dale district (London)
alcoholism in412–13
begging in and near413–14
common lodging houses and furnished rooms for rent in407–9, 414, 418, 420
construction of houses (1854-65) in405–7
domestic violence in412–13, 422
employment patterns among residents in409–11, 410t
First World War and420
Improved Tenements Association Ltd and421
laundries in410–11, 410t
population figures and overcrowding (1881-1901) in405, 406t, 418
poverty among the residents of411–12, 422
prostitution in408, 416–18
Rag Fair in421
renaming as Becher Street (1935) and422
rental incomes at409
sanitation at407
Sims’s identification of slum in403, 417–18, 423
slum clearance in419, 422, 423
as “suburban slum,”216
theft in414–15
as “West-End Avernus,”403, 404–5, 415, 416, 418, 419–20, 423
Workman’s Institute in417–18

Barnes, Harry21–22

barriadas (slums in Peru)247

Barth, Fredrik457–58

Bashkirs361

Bayly, Mary404–5

Beames, Thomas200–1, 202

Becher Street and Becher Place (London)422

Begbie, Harold419–20

Begum, Halima92, 100

“Behind the Shade” (Morrison)45

Belvedere (California)336

Bengal282–83

Bengoechea, Josefina529

Bennane, Bridget471–72

Bennett, E. H.475

Bennett, Henry Curtis415

Berghman, Jos166–67

Bermondsey (London)46–47, 202–3, 209–10

Berwick Street (London)202

Beth Hamridash synagogue (New York City)448, 452–53

Bethnal Green (London)21, 29, 42, 209–10, 404

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)544

Bharucha, Ruzbeh27

Big Dig Archaeology Education Centre (Australia)494

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation386

Birmingham (Great Britain)43–44, 47–48, 93, 252, 258

Black Bottom neighborhood (Detroit)474–75, 481

Blackburn (Great Britain)45–46

Black Lives Matter3–4

Blackmar, Elizabeth188–89

Bleak House (Dickens)204

Bloch, Ernst85

Blodgett, C. W.473

“The Bloom” (Bangkok)76–77

Blossom Street Municipal Building (Boston)148

B’nai Jeshurun synagogue (New York City)449

Boer Republic of the Transvaal54, 59

Bolivia377–82, 380t

Bolnick, Joel
as Cape Town staff member for Slum Dwellers International377
on data gathering385
on Informal Settlement Network383–84
on Slum Dwellers International’s different international partners384–85
on Slum Dwellers International’s digital communication392–93
on Slum Dwellers International’s logo391–92
on Slum Dwellers’ International’s organizational structure376, 385–86, 387, 390
on Slum Dwellers International’s work on slum upgrading382–83

Bolshevik Party (Russia)356 See also Communist Party (Soviet Union)

Bolsonaro, Jair131

Bombay (India). See also Mumbai (India)
Bombay Improvement Trust and255, 288, 302–3
bubonic plague outbreaks in288, 302–3
cotton mills in282–83
population growth during colonial rule in302–3, 314–15
racial segregation during British colonial era in297
riot (1898) in302–3
slum clearance in288
slums during British colonial era in281, 282–83, 284, 287, 288, 314–15

Boo, Katherine38, 40

Booth, Charles
Bangor Street area and417–19
East End research of206–7, 208–9, 210f, 211, 219
maps and typology of Victorian London poverty developed by200–1, 202–3, 206–14, 207t, 209f, 210f, 212t, 217–19, 230, 420–21
School Board Visitors reports utilized by203, 206, 207–8
slum clearance and218
Toynbee Hall and231–32
West End research of208–10, 211–16, 212t, 219, 414–15

Borrow, George404–5

Boston (Massachusetts).
African Americans in149–50, 153–54, 338–39
Boston Redevelopment Authority and149, 150, 151, 152, 153–54
building rehalitiation projects in346
Bureau for Homeless Men in148
fire (1872) in298, 430–31
gentrification in157–58
Great Depression in148, 153
homeless population and lodging houses in146–57
slum clearance in3, 149, 250–51, 344–45
urban renewal programs in148–52

Boston Industrial Home149–50, 151

Boswell, Phoebe412–13

The Bottoms district (Cincinnati)184, 186f, 187, 188

Bourdieu, Pierre504–5

Bourillon, Florence266–67, 271

Boyer, M. Christine298–99

Bracero program335

Brasilia Teimosa133

Brazil. See also favelas;
authoritarian regime (1964-85) in129–30, 141, 233–34
Canudos War (1885-97) in126, 140
Conferences of the Cities in137–38
constitutional monarchy era in127–28
Foundation of Popular Housing (FCP) in129
Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) in131
housing policies in129–32, 133, 139–41
invasões (households occupying land) in132–33, 134–36
Land Law (1850) in128
Ministry of Cities in131
My House My Life Program (MCMV) in131
National Council of Cities in137
National Housing Bank (BNH) in129, 130, 131
National Housing Council in131
National Housing Plan (PlanHab) in131
neoliberal economic policies after 1985 in130, 131, 136–37
Participatory Budget (PB) program in136–37
population growth in127
Portuguese colonial era in127–28
Programa de Habitação Popular (Popular Housing Program) in133
Regularization Plan of the Special Zones of Social Interest (PREZEIS) in134, 137, 140–41
republic established (1889) in128
Retirement and Pension Institutes (IAPs) in129
rural-to-urban migration in129–30
Sistema Financeiro da Habitação (Housing Finance System) in133
slavery in the history of140
slum clearance in128–30, 138–39
Slum Dwellers International in377–82
social housing in130–31, 137
Social Housing Program in131
Special Zones of Interest (ZEIS) in133–34, 137, 141
World Cup (2014) hosted by139

Bremner, Robert H.7–8

Briggs neighborhood (Detroit)335

Brinkley, David334

Bristol (Great Britain)21, 30

British colonialism
in Cape and Natal colonies and54–63, 287, 290
fire risks to cities under299
in Hong Kong and281, 299–300, 431, 432
in India and59, 281–84, 287–88, 297, 302–3, 314–18, 326
kacha buildings (made from natural local materials) and282, 285
pakka buildings (made from modern materials) and282, 285
public health responses to epidemic disease threat under302–3
racialization of poverty under55–59, 60, 61–62, 63
racial segregation under58–59, 60–63, 83–84, 297, 302–3, 305
sanitation and public health practices under314–15
in Singapore83–84, 281, 283, 285, 302, 432, 435–36
slums as concept used by administrators under23–24, 54–55

British Dutch East India Company59

Brooklyn district (New York City)337–38, 341, 342, 347

Brown, Edwin147

Brown, Patrick414

Brown-Luthango, Mercy89, 97, 100

Brownsville district (New York City)337–38, 341, 342

bubonic plague
in Bombay288, 302–3
Hong Kong outbreak (1894) of284–85, 302–3
in seventeenth-century London298
in South Africa during nineteenth century61–62
in Sydney (Australia)486–87

Buchanan v. Warley337

Bucktown district (Cincinnati)190, 191, 195–96

Buenos Aires (Argentina)490

Bukit Ho Swee settlement (Singapore)
absence of formal law in434
Bukit Ho Swee Fire National Relief Fund and439
fire (1961) in300, 430, 432, 436, 438–41
former Chinese cemetery under434
gangs in434
housing construction after fire (1961-2) in439–41
slum clearance plans for436

Bureau of Labor investigation of slum conditions (United States, 1894)466

Burkina Faso380t, 382

Burnell, Thomas408–9

Burnham, Daniel H.475

Burrows, Edwin451

Cabeça de Porco (Rio de Janeiro)126

Calcutta (India)
“arrival cities” surrounding247
Calcutta Improvement Trust and288–89
cholera outbreaks in249–50
Municipal Act of 1899 in289
population growth during colonial rule in302–3, 314–15
racial segregation during British colonial era in59, 297
Richards’s “slum map” (1912) of23–24
rural migration to284
slum clearance in289, 319
slums during British colonial era in281, 283, 284–85, 287, 289, 314–15
slum upgrading in253, 258

Calle Tiburcio Reyes (La Perla, Puerto Rico)525f, 528f, 531f

Camaragibe (Brazil)139

Campbell Bunk neighborhood (London)31, 404, 423

Campbell Road (London)45

Canada247, 249–50, 255, 256–57

Canudos War (Brazil, 1885-97)126, 140

Cape Colony (South Africa)54, 58–59 See also Cape Town (South Africa)

Cape Flats (Cape Town, South Africa)63–64, 65–66

Cape Town (South Africa)
African migration from rural areas during nineteenth century to59–60
Asian population in55, 57–58, 60
bubonic plague outbreak during late nineteenth century in61–62
Cape Colony era of British rule in54–60, 61–62
European immigration in nineteenth century to54, 58, 59–60
housing conditions during nineteenth century in54–55, 57
Native Location Commission in60
newspaper coverage of slums during nineteenth century in54–58
racialization of poverty in55–59, 60, 61–62
racial segregation in58–59, 60–62, 65–66, 290
slum clearance in53–54, 63–64, 65–66, 290
“slum tourism” in24–25
slum upgrading programs in97
smallpox outbreaks during nineteenth century in54–55, 57–58

Caranguejo Tabaires community (Recife, Brazil)139

Cardiff (Great Britain)31

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique130–31

Carnegie Commission63

Carpina (Brazil)139

Carsten, Janet507

Cass Corridor (Detroit)335

Casselden Place (Melbourne, Australia)486, 489, 494–95

Castaño, Manuela502

Castells, Manuel305, 431, 441

Catholic Church133–34, 374, 417–18

Catholic Worker movement154

Cato Manor (Durban)64–65

Cawnpore (India)288

Chadwick, Edwin188, 300–1

Chadwick Street (London)212t, 215

Chao Phraya River (Thailand)79–81, 80f, 84

Chapman, Brian272

Charles Street (London)211–15, 212t, 219

Charlotte (North Carolina)340–41

Chatham Square (New York City)459

Chatham Street (New York City)446, 451

Cheesman, Rose416–17

Chelobityevo (Soviet Union)367

Chennai (India)319 See also Madras (India)

Chesterton, Ada Elizabeth22, 28, 30

Cheysson, Emile304

Chicago (Illinois)
African Americans in336, 337–38, 341, 346
Chicago school of sociology and6
fire (1871) in298, 430–31
gangs in342
homeless population in157
landlords and building inspectors in343
Puerto Ricans in337
slum clearance in250–51, 344–45
slumming in232
Southern Whites migration during early twentieth century to335
twentieth-century fires in slum neighborhoods of341
vermin as problem in slum neighborhoods in342

A Child of the Jago (Morrison)205

China40, 255–56, 258–59, 306–7 See also Hong Kong

Choay, Francoise270–71

cholera
in Cincinnati187, 188, 192, 193–94
immune populations and300
in India249–50, 315
mapping of risks associated with301
sanitation and188
tenement housing and193–94
in Victorian London228, 230, 301

Chrysler Freeway (Detroit)474

Church Lane (London)202

Cincinnati (Ohio).
African Americans in186, 189–90, 191, 192, 193, 195–96, 298–99
Board of Health in193–94
cholera outbreaks during nineteenth century in187, 188, 192, 193–94
Civil War and192–93
establishment (1780s) of183, 184
flooding in184–85, 188
maps of185f, 186f
Miami and Erie Canal and185, 186f, 190–92
nineteenth-century migration to and population growth in183, 186–87
Ohio River and183, 184–85
Radical Republicans in192, 193, 194
sanitation in191–92, 193
Second Great Awakening and187
slaughterhouses in190, 191, 192
Southern Whites migration during early twentieth century to335
tenement housing in193–95

Cincinnati Colonization Society190

Cincinnati Relief Union (CRU)188, 192–93, 196

Cities Alliance374, 376–77, 382–83, 385

Citizens’ Association (New York City)193

City Beautiful movement465–66, 475

City Improvement Trust (Glasgow, Scotland)288

City of God (film)235

Clark, Kenneth338

Clarksdale (Mississippi)339

Classification of Households (Booth)207t

Classification of Streets (Booth)207t

Cleveland (Ohio)249–50, 336

Clibbens, Patrick317–18

Clynes, J. R.421

Coalition Against the Pine Street Inn Moving Into the South End152

Cobbett, Billy376–77

Cobden Arms (London)412

Cold War289, 346–47

Coleman, Elizabeth411–12

Collier, David248

Colombia. See Santa Marta (Colombia)

colonialism. See British colonialism

Commonwealth Block (Melbourne)486, 487, 488, 490, 494 See also Little Lon site (Melbourne)

Communist Party (Soviet Union)355–56 See also Bolshevik Party (Russia)

Community Action Program346–47

Compton (California)338

Comunidade da Linha (Recife)139

Comunidade Pocotó (Boa Viagem, Brazil)139

Conboy, Daniel412

Congress Party (India)40–41, 318

Considerant, Victor301

The Constant Gardener (film)235

Copeland, Paul171

Coqueiral (special zone in Recife)134, 136

Corbridge, Stuart323

CORDAID385–86

Corktown (Detroit)
archaeological evidence from476, 478–81, 480f
“ell-cottages” in477–78
foreign-born population in477
Foy family in478–79
Michigan Central Railroad Station built in469, 475–76, 477f, 478, 479, 480f
Roosevelt Park established in469, 476, 477f, 478, 480f
slum clearance in469, 476, 477f, 481

Corporación de Renovación Urbana y Vivienda (CRUV, Puerto Rico)529

corralones (slums in Peru)247

cortiços (slums in Brazil)126, 128–29, 140

Covent Garden (London)208

covid-19 pandemic40, 131, 139, 157–58, 373

Crabtree, Pam450–51, 455

Crane, Jacob434–35

Crawford, Arthur287

Crescent Street (London)405, 407, 408–9, 412–13, 416, 420–21, 422

Crook, Penny489, 490–92, 495–96

Crouch End (London)205, 216–17

Cry the Beloved Country (Paton)64–65

Cultural Revolution306–7

Cumberland and Gloucester Streets (Sydney)489–90, 491, 492–93, 494, 495–96

Curley, James148

Cushon, Roy153

Cuthbert, Alexander89–90

Dalits245, 382, 539, 547

Dallamore, William411–12

Dallas (Texas)342

Daly, Mary171

Damle, Vishnu549

Darnton, Robert8–10

Das, Veena324

Davin, Anna44–45, 46, 47

Davis, Mike92, 238, 259

Dawes Hotel shelter (Boston)148, 149–50

Day, Dorothy154

D’Cruz, Celine376

Dead Rabbits (New York City gang)445

Deer Creek Valley district (Cincinnati)184–87, 186f, 188, 189–92, 193

Deleuze, Gilles73, 81, 85

Delhi (India). See New Delhi (India)

Delors, Jacques164

Denmark171–72

Dennis, C. J.495

Dennis, Norman21

Deshpande, Satish320–21

Detroit (Michigan)
African Americans in336, 337, 342, 474–75, 481
archaeological evidence from471–72, 476, 478–81, 480f
automobile industry in465
building rehalitiation projects in346
City Beautiful movement in465–66, 475
City Plan and Improvement Commission in475, 479–80
Detroit Dry Dock Engine works in471, 472
Detroit Paper Stock Company in471
fires in slum neighborhoods of341
foreign-born population in472–75, 477
home ownership rates in477–78
maps of468f, 477f
population growth during early twentieth century in465, 472–73, 481
Riis’s visits (1901-4) to473
sanitation in467
slum clearance in469, 474–75, 476, 477f, 481
slumming in470, 473–74
Southern Whites migration during early twentieth century to335
vermin as problem in slum neighborhoods in342

developing world. See Global South

Devil’s Acre (London)202–3, 215

Devlin, Ryan173–74

Devonshire Place (London)212t, 214–15, 217–18, 219

Devonshire Street (London)211–14, 212t

Dewar, Margaret246

Dhaka (Bangladesh)100

Dharavi district (Mumbai)
Bandra Kurla Complex and544
Dalit population in539, 547
Dharavi Main Road549–50
Dharavi Redevelopment Authority (DRA) and548
Dharavi Redevelopment Project (DRP) and538, 548–51
fishing village origins of538, 539–40, 543–44
gentrification in544
legality questions regarding slum residents in541–42
Mehta’s role in redevelopment plan for313–14, 546, 547–48
nagars (enclaves) in540, 547
population size of538
Prime Minister’s Grant Project redevelopment funding (1985) for541, 544, 545, 550
railroads in543–44
sanitation and545–46
slum redevelopment proposal for538, 543–45
Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS) and545, 548, 549–50
tanneries in540, 547

Dickens, Charles
on Five Points district of New York City445, 458
magazines published by204, 215, 404–5
novels of204
on slums and “the attraction of repulsion,”4, 7, 25
slums compared to labyrinths by281

Dieckhoff, Martina168

Disraeli, Benjamin55

District Six (Cape Town, South Africa)53–54, 61–62, 63–66, 290

Dohany, William478

Doornfontein district (Johannesburg)62

Dorset Street (London)404

Dovey, Kim6

Dowling, Robert232

drunkenness. See alcoholism

Duckworth, George H.21–22, 211, 216

Dufresne, Bethe24–25

Dukakis, Michael154

Durban (South Africa)
African migration from rural areas during nineteenth century to59–60
bubonic plague outbreak (1903) in61–62
European immigration during nineteenth century to59–60
Natal Beer Act of 1908 and62–63
racial segregation in59, 61–63, 65–66
slum clearance in65–66

Dyos, H. J. (Jim)
on “accidental” suburban slums near London403–4
on challenges of understanding life in Victorian London slums8
on interplay between suburbs and slums282
on legitimate versus mischievous uses of the word “slum,”6, 7–8
on London’s slum clearance efforts during nineteenth century7
on slums and labor costs in Victorian London2

East End (London).
Booth’s analysis of slums and poverty in206–7, 208–9, 210f, 211, 219
religious mission halls and settlement houses in231–32
slumming and slum tourism in24–25, 224, 228–29
slums during Victorian and Edwardian eras in202, 205, 206–7, 403

East Harlem (New York City)333–34, 338

East London (South Africa)59

Edinburgh (Great Britain)253, 256, 288

Egan, Pierce23

Eggleston, Benjamin191–92, 193

Ehrenburg, Il’ia G.357

Ellens, Samantha478

Ellmoos, Laila491

Elsayed, Hanan96

Eltz Residences (Bangkok)76–77

eminent domain188–89, 526

Engels, Friedrich93, 181, 235–36, 269–70, 272–73, 356

England. See Great Britain

Englander, David2–3, 206, 208, 214

epidemics.
bacterial transmission discovered as cause of303
elite residential districts threatened by296–98, 300
mapping of risks associated with301
miasma theory and300–1, 303
overcrowding as factor in342
quarantine and surveillance responses to302
racial segregation and301–3
sanitation and300–1, 302, 303
slum clearance debated as response to303
urban populations’ development of immunity to300
vaccination and300
zoning and building code responses to risk of296–97, 298, 300, 303, 307

European Commission (EC)163–64, 167 See also European Union (EU)

European revolts of 1848297–98, 303–4, 307

European Union (EU). See also European Commission (EC)
austerity policies after 2007 in162, 169–70, 171, 172–73, 174–75
citizenship rights in164, 166–67, 170
Europe 2020 Strategy and169, 170–71
European Social Fund and169
“flexicurity” approach to labor markets and171–73, 174–75
France and164
Lisbon Strategy and168, 170–71
Maasstricht Treaty (1992) and164
National Action Plans on Social Inclusion and168
National Reports on Strategies for Social Protection and Social Inclusion and168–69
neoliberalism and162, 170–72, 173
Open Method of Coordination (OMC) in168
Single European Market in164
social exclusion and162, 164, 165–70, 171, 173, 174–75
Social Investment Strategy in172–73, 174–75

Exploring the Archaeology of the Modern City project (EAMC)489–90, 491, 493

Ezeh, Alex89

Fagan Commission65–66

Fair Housing Act (United States, 1968)337, 346–47

favelas
community and optimism in29
drug violence in31
etymology of126
favela tourism and24–25, 224–25, 233–35, 236–37
in Recife127, 132–33
Regularization Plan of the Special Zones of Social Interest (PREZEIS) and134, 137, 140–41
in Rio de Janeiro25, 29, 31, 127
slum clearance and128–30, 138–39
stereotypes regarding25

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)334, 337

Federation of the Urban and Rural Poor (FEDUP)378t, 383–84

Fenian movement453

Fernández, Mercedes522–23

Field Lane (London)204

Fieuw, Walter383–84

FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association)139

Filtzer, Donald362

Finn, Daniel150

Finn, Mary411–12

Finsbury district (London)42, 202–3, 208–10

fires
in Boston (1872)298, 430–31
in Chicago (1871)298, 430–31
elite residential districts threatened by296–98
fire department and water supply upgrades following298
Great Fire of London (1666) and298, 430–31
Grenfell Tower fire (London, 2017) and296, 307–8
in Hong Kong289, 299–300, 431
in Singapore300, 430, 437–41
in Toronto (1849)298
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (New York City, 1911) and296, 430–31
zoning and building code responses to risk of296–97, 298–99, 300, 307

First Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union, 1928-32)358–59, 362

First World War286, 305, 334, 420

Fisherton Street Estate (London)214–15

Fisk, G. H. B.57–58

Five Points District (New York City)
African Americans in446, 451–52
archaeological evidence from446–48, 449–51, 450f, 453–56, 455f, 457f
Dickens on445, 458
electoral participation among residents of446
eminent domain debates regarding189
gangs in445
garment industry and448, 451–58, 452t, 455f
Goldberg family in449–51, 455, 459
Irish immigrant population in445–46, 447–48, 451–52, 453, 454, 458
Italian immigrant population in451–52, 454
Jewish immigrant population in446, 447–59
Polish immigrant population in454
racialization of populations at458–59
synagogues in448, 449, 451, 452–53

Flint (Michigan)247

Flower and Dean Street neighborhood (London)45

Flynn, Nick155–56

Flynn, Raymond156

Fokdal, Josefine376

Ford, Henry465

Ford, James252

Ford Foundation257, 386

Fort Greene housing project (New York City)345

Fort Point housing shelter (Boston)155

Foster, George446, 448–49, 455–56, 459

Foucault, Michel38, 281–82

Fox, Sean100–1

Foy family (early twentieth-century Detroit)478–79

France164–65, 166, 167, 301

Frankenhoff, Charles247

Freedom Park (Cape Town, South Africa)97

French, Matthew99

French Revolution304, 307

Freyre, Gilberto140

Fulham district (London)216–18

Fuller, Bernard60–61

Furber, Charles413–14

Gaffikin, Frank173

Gaillard, Jeanne269–70

Gallie, Duncan168

Gandhi, Indira317–18, 541

Gandhi, Mahatma313

Gandhi, Rajiv544

Gandhi, Sanjay318

gangs337, 342, 434, 445

Gangs of New York (film)445

Gans, Herbert3, 30, 149

García family (Santa Marta, Colombia)506–7, 508–9, 510

Gaskell, S. Martin285

Gautier, Théophile304

Geddes, Patrick276, 284–85, 288, 316–17

gender analysis of slum life
London in Victorian and Edwardian eras and39–47
revisionist history regarding nineteenth-century urban capitalism and6–7
sexual violence and38–39
water access and39
women’s development of networks and community in slums and37–38
world poverty and38–39

gentrification
in Boston157–58
Haussmann and270, 304
in Moscow368
slumming and232, 234
slum upgrading efforts leading to96–97, 102–3, 254
in South Africa53

George Street (London)211–14, 212t

Germany165

Ghana39, 378t

Gibbs, Henry64–65

G.I. Bill (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, 1944)334

Giddy, Julia90

gig economy38

Gilbert, Alan4–5, 23–24, 28

Gill, Kaveri40

Gilyarovsky, Vladimir A.354

Gissing, George204–5, 215–17

Glasgow (Great Britain)281, 288, 305

Global Campaign for Secure Tenure376–77

Global Financial Crisis (2007-9)162, 169, 171, 172

Global Platform for the Right to the City375

Global South
economic inequality in4
informal economies in27–28, 40
lack of affordable low-income housing in92, 96
lack of services in40–41, 48, 101
limited state power in255–56
municipal governance in90, 100–2
neoliberalism and3–4, 40, 91
slumming and225, 234–35, 238
slums and3–4, 40, 90, 92, 95–96
zoning laws in cities of296–97

Goh Keng Swee436

Goldberg family (New York City, 1840s)449–51, 455, 459

Golden, Daniel155

Gómez, Jorge531

González, José Luis529–30

Goodwill Industries150

Gordimer, Nadine66

Grande Croisée (Paris)268

Grantham, Alexander306

Gratiot Avenue (Detroit)473

Gray, George W.473

Great Britain. See also British colonialism
Artisans’ Dwelling Act (1882) in286
Cross Act (1875) in214–15, 255, 286
Department of Work and Pensions in48
Housing Act of 1930 in63–64
Housing and Town Planning Act (1919) in305
Housing of the Working Classes Act (1890) in214–15, 258
Labouring Classes Lodging Houses Act (1851) in285–86
Local Government Act of 1848 and285
Nuisances Removal Act (1855) in285–86
Poor Law system in44–45, 47–48
public education in40
Public Health Act (1848) in252–53, 283–84, 285
Rents and Mortgage Interest Restriction Act (1915) in305
Sanitary Act (1866) in252–53
Social Inclusion Unit in253
Torrens Act (1868) in255, 286
Towns Improvement Clauses Act (1847) in285
voting rights in248

Great Depression63, 148, 153, 247, 251, 334, 340–41, 518

Great Fire of London (1666)298, 430–31

Greece165, 172–73

Grenfell Tower fire (London, 2017)296, 307–8

Grey, George59

Griggs, Heather453–54

Grinstein, Hyman448, 449, 457–59

Griscom, John188

Grogan, John414

Grogan, Sabina408, 409, 414, 419

Guangzhou (China)99–100

Guattari, Félix73, 81, 85

Guayaquil (Colombia)126–27, 503–4

Guaypao (Puerto Rico)521–23, 528, 532–33

Guest, Edgar A.465–66

Gulag prison system (Soviet Union)358–59, 368

Gupta, Raj Bahadur316

Habitat International Coalition (HIC)94–95, 96, 374–75, 384–85

Hager, Brian172

Hailey, Lord290

Hajjan, Jeanette152

Hamble, Nancy414

Hampstead Heath (London)47–48

Hankins, George408–9

Harare (Zimbabwe)99

Harlem district (New York City)333–34, 338, 339, 340

Harrington, Michael346–47

Harriss, John323

Harvey, David25–26, 91, 276, 304

Hastings Street (Detroit)474–75

Haussmann, Georges-Eugene
Engels on269–70
gentrification and270, 304
“Haussmannization” and235–36, 266–67, 270, 271–72, 276–77, 304
land expropriation powers of268–69
Napoleon III and266, 268–69, 276
“nomads” of Paris and272–73
parks and public buildings in Paris established by268
property owners’ confrontations with273–76
sanitation in Paris and266, 268, 270–71
slum clearances in Paris and251, 267, 269–72, 275–77
street design and layout in Paris and266, 268, 274, 286, 304

Head Start program346–47

Heap, Chad232

Heidegger, Martin504

Helm, D. J.473

Henry Dickens Court (London)422

Hermann, Christoph170–71

Herrle, Peter376

Heywood, Philip92

Highland Park Plant (Detroit)465

Hill, Isabella416–17

Historic Conservation and Interpretation, Inc.446, 447f

HIV/AIDS38–39, 109–10

Hobbs, Charlotte414–15

Hobbs, Edward412

Hobsbawm, Eric297–98, 303

Hoffman Boardinghouse (Detroit)479–80, 480f

Hofmeyr, J. H.58

Holborn district (London)202, 219

Hollingshead, John202–3, 215–16

Holloway district (London)45, 405

Holmes, H. W.409

homelessness
alcoholism and149–50, 151, 153–54, 155, 157
almshouses and147
in Boston146–57
Great Depression and148, 153
mentally ill population and153–54, 156
press exposés regarding147, 155
Reagan and155
urban renewal programs and146–47, 149
women experiencing152–54, 156, 157–58
work requirements for welfare services and147

Homestead (Pennsylvania)247–48

Hong Kong
bubonic plague outbreak (1894) in284–85, 302–3
China’s return to control (1997) of289
Communist Party takeover of China (1949) and306
Disturbances (1967) in306–7
fire (1949) in299–300
fire (1953) in289, 299–300, 431
population growth during twentieth century in299
racial segregation during colonial era in303
refugees from Communist takeover of China in289
Resettlement Estates in306
riot (1952) in306
sanitation in303
slum clearance in255–56, 289
squatter population during 1950s in306
Squatter Resettlement Programme in299–300, 306
Ten Year Housing Scheme (1970s) in306–7

Hoogendoorn, Gijsbert90

Household Words magazine204, 215, 404–5

House of All Nations living quarters (London)467

Housing Act of 1949 (United States)148, 344–45

Housing Act of 1954 (United States)346

Housing of the Working Classes Act (Great Britain, 1885)24

How the Other Half Lives (Riis)7–8, 24, 146, 333, 473

Huchzermeyer, Marie28

Hugh-Jones, Stephen507

Hull House (Chicago)24

Hyde Park Barracks (Sydney)489–90

Hyderabad (India)288, 319

Hyndman, Henry200–1

Idawati, Dyah Erti83

Igarassú (Brazil)139

India
British colonial rule in59, 281–84, 287–88, 297, 302–3, 314–18, 326
bubonic plague outbreaks in315
bypass urbanism in320–21
censuses in112–14, 119, 123
cholera outbreaks in249–50, 315
cities as drivers of economic growth in319–21
civic nationalism during colonial period in316
data gathering on slums in110, 112–14, 119–23
democratic electoral politics in110
Diwali festivals in316–17
electoral participation of urban poor in323–25
Emergency period (1970s) and class conflict in317–18, 321–22
Great Britain’s Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1885 as a model for24
infant mortality rate in40–41
legal cases about squatter settlements in322–23
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA) in112–13, 114–15, 116t, 118, 120–21, 123
overall size of slum population in123
Prime Minister’s Grant Project (PMGP) in541, 545, 550
Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC)374–75, 378t
Pronab Sen Committee in114
rebellion (1857) in59, 314–15
Residents Welfare Associations (RWA) in321–22
sanitation in119–20, 120t, 121, 121t, 122t, 314–15
scheduled caste and scheduled tribe populations in115, 119–20, 122t
slum clearance in27, 110–11, 250–51, 258–59, 288–89, 316, 317–20, 322, 323, 541, 542
slum upgrading programs in98, 110–11, 120, 253, 258, 318–19, 541, 543
slum vulnerability indices in114–17, 116t
Supreme Court in322, 542
tenability of slum residency in111, 112, 117–21, 120t, 121t

Indian Grey Street Complex (Durban, South Africa)65–66

indignados movement (Spain)174

Indiranagar slum (Mumbai)27

Indonesia
Dutch colonial era in81–82, 249–50, 252, 253, 258
factories in40
Independence War (1945-49) in81–82
kampung (improvised urban settlements) in81–83, 86, 97–98
luxury housing and corporate offices in82–83, 251
Muslim-majority population in83
rural-to-urban migration in81–82
slum clearance in82
slum upgrading in97–98, 249–50, 252, 253, 256–57, 258

Industrial Revolution89, 93, 306–7

Infanzón, Amador523–24

Ingold, Tim504–5

International Federation of the Homeless Poor389 See also Slum Dwellers International (SDI)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)91

International Sanitary Conference (1851)302

Internet and Communications Technologies (ICTs)235

Intramuros (Philippines)46–47

Iofan, Boris M.364–65

Irkutsk (Russia)366

Italy165

Jacobs, Jane66, 236, 338

Jacobs, Sarah454

Jacob’s Island (London)202, 204

Jagmohan318

Jakarta (Indonesia)26, 82, 253, 256–57, 388t, 431

Jamaica Plain district (Boston)150, 152

Japanese Village carnival (Detroit, 1886)470

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)320, 324–25

Jenkins, Elizabeth341

Jennings, Hilda30

Jephson, Arthur William30

Jessop, Bob173

Jewish immigrants in New York City
American patriotism and assimilation to democracy among457–58
gangs among342
garment industry and447–48, 451–58, 452t, 455f
kosher dietary observance among449–51, 453–54, 455
racialization of459
synagogues and448, 449, 451, 452–53

Johannesburg (South Africa)
Asian population in62
British colonial rule in62
bubonic plague outbreak (1904) in62
gold mines in59–60
racial segregation in61, 62, 64
shantytowns surrounding64
slum clearance in53–54, 64, 65–66
slum tourism in24–25, 231

John Milner Associates, Inc.447

Johnson, Lyndon248, 346–47

Jones, Gareth Stedman200

Jones, Paul97–98

Jones, Siân459

Jones v. Mayer337

Kala Killa district (Mumbai)539

Kaliasin kampung (Surabaya, Indonesia)82–83, 84, 86

Kalil, Alice152

Kali Surabaya river (Indonesia)83

Kalyanwadi district (Mumbai)540

Kamenka River slums (Soviet Union)364–65

Kampala (Uganda)99

Kampong Bugis (Singapore)437–38

Kampong Koo Chye fire (Singapore, 1958)437, 438

Kampong Tiong Bahru (Singapore)433, 438, 439

Kampung Baru (Kuala Lampur)83–84

Kampung Bratang (Surabaya, Indonesia)83

Kampung Kebraon (Surabaya, Indonesia)83

Kanpur (India)316

Kantor, Harvey3

Karachi (Pakistan)288

Karskens, Grace494

Kazan (Russia)367

Keating, Peter J.7–8

Kenley Street (London)406t, 419–20, 422

Kennedy, John F.346–47

Kenney, Charles146

Kensal New Town (London)209–10, 410–11

Kensington district (London). See also Bangor Street area (London); See also Notting Dale district (London)
begging in413–14
Borough Council in296
Grenfell Tower fire (2017) in296, 307–8
Kensington Vestry417–19, 422
laundries in410–11
lodging houses in419–20
rents during Victorian Era in407
South Kensington and307–8
Victorian and Edwardian era slums in202–3, 403, 404–5, 417–18

Kenya
slum alleviation programs in96–98
Slum Dwellers International in382, 383–86

Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP)96–97

Kerner Commission248, 249

Khan, Abdul Aziz549–50

Khlong Bang Bua settlement (Bangkok)79–81

Khlong Toei slums (Bangkok)74, 75–79, 78f

Khrushchev, Nikita S.363–64, 367

Kibera (Kenya)
girls as victims of sexual violence in38–39
informal economic sector in27
Kenyan government’s eviction of residents from290
Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP) and96–97
rural migration to290
size of overall population in290
urban politics and4–5
volunteer tourism in234

Kidambi, Prashant315

kijiji (slums in Kenya)90

Kimberley (South Africa)59–61

King, Henry Seymour419

King, Julia412

King, Robin92

King, Ross6

King’s Cross (London)202–3, 217–18

Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo)247

Klein, Maury3

Know Your City Campaign (KYC)385, 392–93, 394

Koens, Ko226–27

Kohr, Leopold529–30

Koliwada district (Mumbai)539–40, 548–49

Kolkata (India). See Calcutta (India)

Kotkin, Stephen360–61

Koven, Seth200, 225–27, 232

Kowloon area (Hong Kong)289, 299–300

Kramer, David66

Krestovsky, Vsevolod V.354

Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)83–84, 86

Kulaks (“rich” peasants in Russia)358–59

Kumbharwada district (Mumbai)539

Kundu, Amitabh115, 118, 123

Kurz, Otto R.478

Kyrgyz361

Lagos (Nigeria)288

Lambert, Brooke230–31

Langa (South Africa)63

Langford Road (London)216–17

La Perla (Puerto Rico)
churches in527–28
consolidation and gentrification period (1980-present) in529–32
drug arrests (2011) in531–32
Eleanor Roosevelt’s visit (1934) to524–25
foundation and growth period (1900-40) in519–24
land transfers to residents (1980-2010) in530
Lewis’s depiction (1965) of516, 526–27
modernization and proposed clearance (1940-80) of524–29
photos of517f, 520f, 521f, 523f, 525f, 527f, 528f, 531f
prostitution in524
ranchón buildings in519–21, 522f, 522–23, 524, 528f, 528
slaughterhouse in517, 518, 519, 523, 528
“slum” image of516–18
tourism and533
upgrading of buildings over time in519
US developmental program funding in517

La Puntilla (Puerto Rico)526

Lawndale district (Chicago)337–38, 342

Lee Ah Gar433–34, 439

Lee Kwan Yew439–40

Lefebvre, Henri7, 94–95

Lemuel Shattuck Hospital (Boston)155

Lenin, Vladimir I.356–57

Leningrad (Soviet Union)356

Lewis, Heylan90, 94

Lewis, Oscar37, 516, 526–27

Ley, Astrid376

Liberia380t, 382

Licking River Valley (Kentucky)184

Lilyvale site (Sydney)489–90, 491

Lima (Peru)6

Lindner, Rolf230

Linnott, John453

Lisson Grove (London)209–10

Little Clarendon Street (London)208, 212t

Littlejohn, Henry253

Little Lon site (Melbourne)
archeology and material analysis of life (1850-1950) in9, 486, 487–89, 492–93, 494–96
Casselden Place and486, 489, 494–95
contemporary business located at495
slum clearance at486

Liverpool (Great Britain)21–22, 28–29, 43–44, 93, 288

Living Museums (Sydney)490, 494

Lloyd, John418–19

Lock Bridge (London)209–10

Logue, Edward J.150

London Archaeological Archive and Resource Centre (LAARC)492

London City Mission417–18

London County Council (LCC)
Bangor Street area and418–19, 421–22
Boundary Street Estate developed by286–87
slum clearance and214–15, 218, 219

London during Victorian and Edwardian Era.
alcoholism in42, 45, 46–47, 216, 412–13
Booth’s maps and typology of poverty and slums in200–1, 202–3, 206–14, 207t, 209f, 210f, 212t, 217–19, 230, 420–21
charities in47–48, 231, 238
childcare and housework in46
cholera outbreaks in228, 230, 301
endogamy and social networks in42
family history as means of studying404
fiction about slums in204–6, 215–17
gendered analysis of slum life in39–47
“hidden matriarchy” in43, 45
immigrant communities in202–3, 216–17
male breadwinner model and45–46
Metropolitan Board of Works in214–15, 286, 418
Metropolitan Commission of Sewers in252–53
Metropolitan Water Act (1871) and252–53
mutual aid networks in44–45
oral history as means of studying404
prostitution in208, 216
railway and road construction in201, 214–15, 219, 283–84
Removal Act (1855) and252–53
sex and46–47
slum clearance and7, 41–42, 201, 214–16, 218, 219, 250–51, 258
slumming in24–25, 224, 225–26, 227–32
vermin and filth in42
violence in45, 46

London Lock Hospital416–17

Long Island Hospital (Boston)155, 157

Los Angeles (California)
African Americans in336
homeless population in157
Mexican Americans in335, 336, 337, 338–39
Zoot Suit Riots (1943) in337

Lovejoy, Luther E.466–67, 468–69

Lower East Side district (New York City)333, 458, 459

Lower Sukhumvit district (Bangkok)75, 76

Loyer, François266–67

Lucknow (India)288

Lugard, Lord290

Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio131

Luzhkov, Yuri M.367

Maastricht Treaty (Treaty on European Union, 1992)164

Macclesfield (Great Britain)45–46

MacLehose, Murray306–7

Madison, Charles A.7–8

Madras (India)59, 297 See also Chennai (India)

Mae Nak Phra Khanong78–79

Magalhães, Agamenon129

Magnitogorsk (Soviet Union)360–62

Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA)549

Maharashtra state (India)541, 546

Mahila Milan253–54, 374–75, 378t

Malawi378t, 383–84

Malaysia83–84

Manchester (Great Britain)
Engels on working class in93, 181
Industrial Revolution and93
Irish population in245
pawnshops in43–44
people’s pride in their homes in28
sanitation in252–53

Mangin, William94

Mangueira (Brazil)133

Mangue Seco Beach (Brazil)139

Manila (The Philippines)431–32

Mann, Michael86

Mannik and Smith Group471

Manning Place (London)211–14, 212t

Marqués, René529–30

Marris, Peter21

Marshall, T. H.166

Martin, Anna46–47

Martin, Richard21–22, 25

Marvel, Lucilla and Tom516, 529–30

Marx, Karl356, 504

Marylebone Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes214–15

Marylebone Council219

Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)157–58

Mathema, Ashna21–22, 25

Matunga Labour Camp (Mumbai)539

Mayhew, Henry6, 7–8, 229–30

Mayne, Alan228, 432, 486–87, 489, 494

McAlpin, Kailey479

McMorris, Mary Ann413–14

Mead, George411–12

Mearns, Andrew24, 64, 200–1, 230–31

Megion (Russia)365

Mehta, Mukesh313–14, 325–26, 544, 546, 547–48

Melbourne (Australia).
archaeological research regarding slum sites in9, 486, 487–89, 490, 492–93, 494–96
British settlement established (1835) in487
Chinatown in228–29
contemporary sales of Victorian Era housing in30
slumming in494

Melun Law (France, 1850)301

Merrifield, Andy270

Mexican Americans
Bracero program and335
deportations of335, 337
in Los Angeles335, 336, 337, 338–39
migration to cities during twentieth century of332, 334, 335
segregation and discrimination against336, 337

Miami (Florida)337, 346

Miami and Erie Canal185, 186f, 190–92, 193

miasma theory188, 191, 300–1, 303

Michigan Central Railroad Station (Detroit)469, 475–76, 477f, 478, 479, 480f

Middleman, Judah452–53

Middle Sukhumvit (Bangkok)75

Millar, Katharine390–91

Mill Creek Valley (Ohio)184–85

Millennium Development Goals (MDG, United Nations)1, 5, 91–92, 96, 111, 114, 120

Milne, Claudia450–51, 455

Mingione, Enzo174

Miranda slum (Puerto Rico)520, 524

Miró building (La Perla, Puerto Rico)522–23, 527f, 528

Misereor386

Mitchell, James412

Mithi River539, 540, 543–44

Mitlin, Diana383–84, 386

mocambos (Brazilian squatter settlements)126–27, 129, 132, 140

Model Cities program346–47

Modi, Narendra313–14

Modisane, Bloke66

Molokoane, Rose377, 384–85, 387–89, 391–92

Moloney, John494

Monkkonen, Paavo96, 100

Monroe (Louisiana)339

Morris, Constantine407

Morrison, Arthur45, 203, 205

Morrison, Nicola99

Morro da Favela (Bahia, Brazil)126

Morros de Casa Amarela (Recife, Brazil)133

Moscow (Russia)356, 367–68

Moser, Caroline503–4

Moses, Robert236

Muchadenyika, Davison99

Mumbai (India). See also Bombay (India); See also Dharavi district (Mumbai)
“Annawadi settlement” described by Katherine Boo in38, 40–41, 48
commuter rail station deaths (2017) in547
Dalit population in245, 539, 547
electoral participation of urban poor in323
Global Financial Crisis and land price declines (2008) in545
Maharashtra state government and541, 543, 544
monsoons in547
nongovernmental organizations advocating for slum residents in374–75
old textile area in546–47
overall size of slum population in95–96
private sector’s role in slum rehabilitation in99–100
refugees from India partition in540–41
slum clearance in250–51, 258–59, 319, 323, 541, 542
Slumdog Millionaire (film) and235
Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS) and544–46, 548, 549–50
slum residents in540–41
slum upgrading in541, 543

Murray, Tim9, 491, 495–96

Museum of Victoria (Melbourne)490, 494

Mustardinha (Brazil)133

Myers, Mendel454

Myrdal, Gunnar93

Nairobi (Kenya)4–5, 24–25, 96, 235 See also Kibera (Kenya)

Nakhalovka settlement (Novosibirsk, Russia)364–65

nakhalovki (squatter settlements in Russia)357–58

Namibia378t, 382, 388t

Napoleon I (emperor of France)268

Napoleon III (emperor of France)266, 268–69, 272–73, 276

Nassar, Dina96

Natal Colony (South Africa)54, 59–60, 61–62, 287

National Party (NP, South Africa)53–54, 65–66

National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF)21, 374–75, 378t, 383–84, 389

Native Americans149–50, 184, 335

Native Reserve Location Act of 1902 (Cape Colony)61–62

Ndabeni (South Africa)61–62

Near West Side (Chicago)29, 333

Nefteiugansk (oil slum in Russia)365–66

neoliberalism
Brazil and130, 131, 136–37
European Union and162, 170–72, 173
free markets and91, 162, 170
Global South slums and3–4, 40, 91
private property emphasis in91, 94–95, 102
slum upgrading programs and97–99, 101–2, 103
state withdrawal from public sector and38, 47–48, 91, 162, 170, 256
trickle down economics and171
wealth concentration and40