Index

For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52–53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages.

Tables and figures are indicated by t and f following the page number

aboriginal identity movements592

abortion rights347, 752, 754

Acción Nacional Revolucionaria183–84

activism. See also digital activism; See also geographies of activism; See also politics of social movement activism
androcentric visions of109
anti-mining activists75, 92–93, 254, 362–63, 703
autonomist movements and515–17
Black women’s activism288, 343, 377–80, 381–82
domestic-based activism109
global justice activism262, 667–68
indigenous movements359–64
LGBTIQ+ movements417–18, 418t
by revolutionary movements307–10
rights-oriented activism429
of right-wing movements429
sem-teto/sin-techo activism505
social justice activists372–73
state-directed activism417–18, 418t
territorial activism77
of territorial movements77
urban poor activism73
women’s movements343–44

activist networks77–78, 89–90, 93, 718–19, 724

Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Keck, Sikkink)523–24

Administración Nacional de Combustibles, Alcoholes y Portland (ANCAP)768–69

advocacy organizations219–20, 221–22, 223, 426, 702, 748, 750–51

aesthetic-political experiences115

affirmative epistemology130

Afro-civil society373–78

Afro-Colombian movement686

Afro-descendant, defined381–82

Afro-descendant women activists114, 345–46

afro-descendente, defined381–82

afro-descendiente, defined381–82

Afro-diasporic thought124–25, 130

afro-epistemology130

Afro-Latin American movements
addressing racism370–71, 380–83
Afro-civil society373–78, 376t
Black women’s activism377–80
feminism in380
feminist movements and288
historical antecedents371–72
introduction to8, 370–71
labor movements and238
racism and370–71, 380–83
regional and transnational mobilizations380–83
rise of372–74
social gains383
summary of383–84

Afro-Reggae Cultural Group in Brazil582

agency
citizenship as8–9, 455, 460–65
demobilization and283
domains of778–79
in institutionalization process778–79

agnosticism and digital activism701

agrarian reform movements252, 270–71, 272–73, 306, 666–67, 734–35

agrarian social movements321, 329, 330, 332

agribusiness model266–67, 278–80

agricultural modernization269, 332–33

agroextractivism270–71, 277, 278

agro-monoculture and raw material export model was232–33

Agrupación Nacional Putos Peronistas73

Aguascalientes units190–91

Alcoholics Anonymous146

Alfonsín, Raúl44

Alianza Centroamericana Frente a la Minería (ACREFEMIN)261

Alianza Chilena por un Comercio Justo y Responsable (ACJR)528

Alianza Ciudadana contra la Privatización (ACCP)147

Alianza Femenina340

Alianza Patriótica para el Cambio155

Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA)20, 308

Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA)546, 548

Allende, Salvador202–3, 308–9, 395–96, 492–93, 563

alliance behavior100, 419, 683

Almeida, Paul526

alternative movement culture580–83

alternative nationalisms168–69

Amazon Wanaaleru in Venezuela596

Amerafricanidade380

American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)514–15

anarchy/anarchism10–11, 259–60, 306, 643–45

ancestral origin patriarchy130

androcentric processes of democracy8

androcentric visions of social activism109

anthropocentric ontology of social sciences80

anti-abortion counter movement546–48

anti-Americanism25–26

anti-capitalist movements262, 460

anti-colonialism127, 128–29, 134–35, 165–66, 359, 557, 651

anti-corruption social mobilization
Argentina472–73, 474–75, 477
Brazil472–73, 475–77
Colombia472–73
emergence of472–73
Guatemala477–80
introduction to471–72
Peru480–82
relationship between473–82
summary of483–84

anti-extractivist mobilizations78

anti-fascist feminist movements339–40

anti-globalization movements61

anti-imperialism20–21, 148–49, 182, 184, 308, 337–38, 339, 392, 557, 651

anti-LGBT+ uncivil movement45–46, 480, 548–50

anti-mining activists75, 92–93, 254, 362–63, 703

anti-neocolonialism152

anti-neoliberal protest movements94, 146, 152–54, 432–33

anti-sweatshop advocacy coalitions238–39

anti-terrorism laws286

APPO movement (Asamblea Popular de los Pueblos de Oaxaca)704–5

Aquinas, Thomas407

Arab Spring217

Árbenz, Jacobo186, 204–5, 325–26, 559, 561

Argentina.See also piquetero movement in Argentina
addressing racism382
anti-corruption social mobilization472–73, 474–75, 477
autonomist movements509–10, 511–12, 513, 516–17
consumer mobilization491–92
contentious politics733–35, 736–37
Córdoba university reform390–93
coups in310–11
cultural dimension of social movements579
demobilization process in289–92
democratic transitions from above216–17, 290
environmental mobilization442, 448
feminist movements in261, 347–48
gay movement in117
grassroots social movements in290
human rights movements in424–25, 428
institutionalization of social movements781–82, 784, 786, 787, 788
labor legislation in305
land occupation conflict275–76
legal mobilization749–51, 752–53
LGBTIQ+ movements410, 411–12, 417
military dictatorships310–11, 595
military regimes200–4
moral economy and740
nationalism and168–69, 170
participatory institutions in765–67
party politics719–20, 721, 725–26
peasant movements in289–90
Peronists and242
protests against taxation240–41
repertoires of contention665
social protest200, 478, 719–20, 750–51
strikes in314
student movements in394–95
territorial movements738–39, 740
transnational collective action525
urban social movements458
worker-run factories261
workers mobilization and315–16

Argentine Supreme Court750–51, 752–53

Articulação Semiárido Brasileiro (ASA)786

Asociación Cultural de Jóvenes Peruanos Negros374–75

Asociación de Abogados Laboralistas (Labor Lawyers Association)750–51

Asociación de Educación Popular Carlos Fonseca Amador (AEPCFA)651

Asociación de los Trabajadores del Campo (ATC)329

Asociación de Trasvestis, Transexuales y Transgenérico416

Asociación Integral Guatemalteca de Mujeres Indígenas (AIGMIM)596

Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana (AIDESEP)131–32, 253

Asociación Nacional de Agricultores Pequeños (ANAP)652

Asociación por la Identidad Trasvesti Transexual416

Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC)750–51, 753–54

Associação Nacional de Profissionais de Serviços ao Consumidor492

associational hubs75, 91

asymmetrical bargaining98

austerity237, 252, 312

authoritarianism. See also dictatorships; See also social movements under authoritarianism
Afro-social movements and375–76
Central America204–6
competitive authoritarianism6, 206–8
competitive authoritarian regimes206–8
democratic transitions from above215–17
dependency theory23
educational movements under647–50
introduction to6, 196, 197t
LGBTIQ+ movements under411–12
military regimes199–206
military regimes and6, 199–206
of neopluralism462
personal dictatorships197–99
proliferation of25–26
reaction to capitalism57
Southern Cone regime200–4
student movements and392–97
summary of208–9
totalitarian regimes196, 506
transnational networks95
women’s movements and344

autonomía, defined680–81

Autonomías Indígena Originario Campesinas (AIOC)769–70

autonomist movements
achievements and legacy of514–15
activism and515–17
Argentina509–10, 511–12, 513, 516–17
Brazil510–11
capitalist constraints513–14
capitalist markets512
Chile508–10, 511
communal councils and770–71
diversity and507–15
geographical space and512–13
globalization and513–14
introduction to9, 505–7
Mexico511
politics and733–34
sources and tensions510–11
state apparatus and511–12
Zapatista movement and514–15

autonomous municipalities190–91

autonomy/autonomism
Afro-Latin American movements and371
of civil society organizations761–62
communal rebuilding and129–30
decentralization and9, 98
defined505–6
development of consumerism500–1
devoid in social movements125–26
EZLN and612
feminist movements340–41
food autonomy133, 134
indigenous movements and359–64
left-libertarian autonomism506
limits to Brazilian universities393
Marxism and28, 29, 510–11, 518
from nation-state129–30
need of gaining37
neo-Marxist autonomism506
organizational autonomy99, 329–30, 393
party politics and732
peasant movements and329
repertoires of contention667–68
socio-environmentalism441, 516–17
summary of517–18

Auyero, Javier719

Aymara people278

Ayotnizapa protests697–98

Aztec Empire166

Bachelet, Michel314

Baldetti, Roxana478

Ballet Folklórico Ñuca Trans project115

Bambirra, Vânia23

barrio-based collectives612–13

Barrio Nómada Collective697–98

Bartolina Sisa peasant women’s organization345–46

Batista, Fulgencio183–84, 197

Bechtel Corporation253

behavioral approach to nationalism163–64

Berlin Wall190–92

Bickford, Louis433

bilateral trade agreements527–28

Black, defined374

Black consciousness8, 376–77

Black feminism130, 288, 377–78

Black identity373–75, 384

Blackness, defined370, 374, 379–80

Black Panther Party410

Black social movements370–75, 377, 378, 782 See also Afro-Latin American movements

Black women’s activism288, 343, 377–80, 381–82

blockmodeling88–89

bloc recruitment90–91

Bloque Popular Revolucionario (BPR)147

Bolivia
coca growers in38
cultural dimension of social movements577
demobilization process in292–95
educational movements648, 654–55
feminist movements in345–46, 347
geographies of activism686, 689
indigenous movements in220–21, 321–22, 356, 362
land occupation conflicts271–72
Movimiento al Socialismo242
party politics724
Plurinational Legislative Assembly315
popular militias in309–10
revolutionary movements in182, 183, 184–85, 192
social protest689, 721
water privatization in495
Water War of Cochabamba253, 313, 689
workers mobilization and314, 315

Bolivian Revolution326–27

Bolsonaro, Jair348, 548–50

bonding ties in network mechanisms90–91

boomerang pattern strategy524

border-crossing movements261–62

boundary-making mechanisms113

Bourdieu, Pierre638

bourgeois hegemony29

Braig, Marianne433–34

Brazil
addressing racism382
Afro-Reggae Cultural Group in582
anti-corruption social mobilization472–73, 475–77
anti-LGBT+ uncivil movement548–50
autonomist movements510–11
autonomy limits to Brazilian universities393
Belo Monte dam conflicts in445
Black women’s activism378–79
consumer mobilization492, 494–95, 496–97
contentious politics734–36
criminalization of social movements in286, 288
demobilization process in286–89
educational movements644–45, 650–51, 652–53, 654
Eldorado dos Carajás massacre274
environmental mobilization448–49
feminist movements in340, 341, 342, 347–48
geographies of activism685–86, 690–91
globalized neoliberalism252
grassroots social movements in288
guerrilla movements202
indigenous movements in322–23, 326
institutionalization of social movements782, 785
June Protest Cycle in533
land occupation conflicts271–72
legal mobilization749, 752–53
LGBTIQ+ movements412, 417
military dictatorships208, 341, 464, 782, 789
military regimes200–4
OcupaEscola uprisings697–98
participatory budgeting in262, 464–65
participatory institutions in764–65, 766
Partido dos Trabalhadores240
party politics720
peasant movements in288–89
quilombos movement129–30, 131–32
repertoires of contention667–68
right-wing movements548–50
social protest478
Soul Movement in372–73
student movements in393–94, 396, 400–1
urban social movements464–65
workers mobilization and311

Brazil’s National Public Policy Conferences (BNPPCs)764–65, 771–72

bridging ties in network mechanisms90–91

brokerage ladder91

Bruhn, Kathleen719

Brysk, Alison425–26

Bucaram, Abdalá472–73

Buen Vivir/Vivir Bien241

Calleja, Carlos547

Campaign Against the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas526

campaigning by social movements767–69

Campanha da Mulher pela Democracia341

campesindio (indigenous peasants)330, 331

Campesino-a-Campesino (CaC)652

Canclini, García577

capitalism/capitalist development
agro-monoculture and raw material export model was232–33
anti-capitalist movements262, 460
authoritarianism reaction to57
cyclical crisis of239
demise of152
development of65
grassroots social movements and235, 236
integration of peasant movements323–26
introduction to6–7, 229
market-led development236–39
Marxism and18–20, 230
modernization of agriculture303
neoliberalism and27, 250
overview of231–43
relations of production320
social movement studies and230–31
state-led development233–36
summary of243

Caracoles units190–91

Cardenal, Ernesto560

Cárdenas, Félix355

Cárdenas, Lázaro308, 340–41

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique23

Carneiro, Sueli114, 381–82

Castañeda, Jorge206

Castells, Manuel455–56, 681–82, 703–4

Castoriadis, Cornelius505, 506, 507–8, 516

Castro, Fidel183–84, 327–28, 556–57, 646

catalyst movement185

Catholic Action626–28

Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) movement625–26, 630–31

Catholic Church202–3 See also religious groups and movements
clergy92–93
feminist organizations and342
human rights movements and426, 427
introduction to625–26
land occupation conflict273, 274
LGBTIQ+ movements and406–7, 414
Nicaraguan Revolution and329
Protestantism and631–37
reform and revitalization626–31
revolutionary movements and560
social justice theology330
social mobilization and461–62
student movements and391, 394–95
support for indigenous movements in Mexico92–93

Catholic Right551

Catholic Social Doctrine152–53

caudillos182–83, 687

Central America
authoritarianism in204–6
educational movements652
geographies of activism688
military regime204–6
protest campaigns252
social movements under authoritarianism204–6
social protest688
transnational collective action528
urban workers in305

Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA)98–99, 155, 252, 494

Central Bolivariana Socialista de Trabajadores314

Central de Trabajadores de la Argentina (CTA)147, 313

Central General dos Trabalhadores do Brasil311

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)309, 325–26

centralism506, 591, 667

Central Obrera Boliviana (COB)309–10

Central Obrera Regional (COR)295

Central Social Movement63

Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT)287, 311

Centro de Estudios Panameños374–75

Centro de Estudios Sociales y Legales (CELS)426, 750–51, 753–54

Centro de Estudios y Publicaciones Alforja (CEP Alforja)650

Centro Democrático (CD)550

Centro para el Desarrollo Económico y Social de América Latina (DESEAL)458–59

César Sandino, Augusto556–57

Chaco War183

Change the World Without Taking Power (Holloway)506–7

Chaouch, Tahar638–39

charismatic leaders543, 545

Chávez, Hugo207–8, 240, 314, 346–47, 396–97, 547, 556–57, 561, 613, 725, 726

Chiapas Zapatista movement58–59, 64, 262

child welfare337–38

Chile
autonomist movements508–10, 511
consumer mobilization494
contentious politics736
democratic transitions from above215–16
educational movements644, 654–55
feminist movements in348
feminist organizations in340, 345
human rights movements242
human rights movements in424–25, 427, 428
indigenous movements in325, 364
institutionalization of social movements780–81
labor legislation in305
LGBTIQ+ movements411–12
military dictatorships424, 719–20
military regime in424, 460–61
Penguin Revolution in697–98
pobladores movement508–10, 511
revolutionary movements563
social explosion in242
social media use100
student movements in390, 392, 395–96, 397–98, 533
transition to democracy238
transnational collective action521–22, 527
urban social movements458–59
workers’ movement304, 310–11, 314

Chilean Road to Socialism563

Chí´xi thought130

Christian Base Communities (Comunidades Eclesiales de Base) (CEBs)152–53, 560, 627, 629–30, 649

Christian Right organizations539

Church-led ecologism92–93

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints632

cisgender heterosexuality112

Citizen-Initiated Popular Consultation in Uruguay768–69

citizen media99, 701, 704

citizenship
as agency8–9, 455, 460–65
case studies611–17
colectivos (urban collectives) and608, 612–14
as cooptation459
democracy and609–10
ideas and ideology610–11
indigenous in Venezuela615–17
introduction to607–8, 608t
piquetero movement and608, 614–15, 617
social movements and608–9
summary of617–18
Zapatista movement and608, 611–12, 617

citizenship rights8–9, 151, 416, 423–24, 430–31, 460–61, 462, 463, 581

The City and the Grassroots (Castells)455

Civil Code reforms117

civil liberties215–17, 218, 413–14, 429, 431

civil rights61–62, 337–39, 397, 422, 425, 432–33, 459, 483–84, 590, 777–78

civil rights movement (US)39, 91–92

civil society151, 361, 461–62, 748, 777–80

civil society groups370, 422, 480

civil society organizations40, 720, 761–62, 764–71

class-based mobilization18–20, 113–14, 459, 461, 498–99

class conciliation182

class culture665

Cleary, Edward424

clientelism575–76, 735–36, 741–42

close ties in network mechanisms90–91

Coalición Obrero Campesino Estudiantil del Istmo (COCEI)582

cocalero organizations292–93, 295

Cochabamba “Water War” in Bolivia253, 313, 689

cognitive approach to nationalism164–65

colectivos (urban collectives) in Venezuela608, 612–14

collective action
debates over64
decision-making in111
environmental mobilization and449, 451
feminist and queer perspectives110, 111
internal competition and98
legal mobilization of746–47
mutual support in290–91
nationalism and163–64
party politics and715
social change through3
use of law and courts12
workers mobilization312–16

collective identity3, 72, 112–15, 440, 591

collective psychological terror25

collective subjectivity12, 448, 600

Collins, Patricia Hill378

Colombia
Afro-Colombian movement686
anti-corruption social mobilization472–73
Black women’s activism379
demobilization process in293–94
educational movements651–52
feminist organizations in340
geographies of activism686, 687
identity culture601–2
indigenous movements in220–21, 323, 328
labor legislation in305
land occupation conflict275–76
legal mobilization749–50, 752
Nasa peoples129–30
participatory institutions in763
right-wing movements550–52
student movements in392, 396, 398–99

Colombian Unión Femenina340

colonialism3, 21, 152, 407–9 See also anti-colonialism; See also decolonizing approaches to social movements

coloniality of being130

coloniality of gender130

coloniality of power130

Comintern orthodoxy20

Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe490

Comité Clandestino Revolucionario Indígena (CCRI)559

Comité Coordinador de Asociaciones Agrícolas, Comerciales, Industriales y Financieras (CACIF)479

Comité de Amas de Casa del Distro Minero Siglo XX342–43

Comité de Cooperación para la Paz en Chile203

Comité de Desarrollo Campesino (CODECA)480

Comité de Unidad Campesina de Guatemala133

Comité Latinoamericano y del Caribe para la Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer (CLADEM)756–57

Comitês Populares Democráticos (CPDs)645

Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG)478–80

communal councils (CCs)770–72

communalizing practices and knowledge133–34

communal lands272–73

communal rebuilding129–30

communication flow directionality88–89

communism169, 305, 306, 323–26, 579

Communist International20, 306, 332

Communist Parties10–11, 20, 22, 23

communitarian democracy769–70

community (ayllu) proprietorship321–22

community-based water management initiatives133

community self-government276

competitive authoritarianism6, 206–8

compulsive control mechanisms75

compulsive support mechanisms75

Comunidades Eclesiales de Base (CEBs)461

Comunidad Homosexual Argentina (CHA)414

Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores Rurais Agricultores e Agricultoras Familiares (CONTAG)326, 788

Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE)26, 331, 361, 654–55

Confederación de Trabajadores de América Latina (CTAL)308

Confederación de Trabajadores de Chile (CUT)307

Confederación de Trabajadores de Colombia (CTC)307

Confederación de Trabajadores de la Economía Popular (CTEP)315–16

Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela (CTV)312, 314

Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT)307, 394–95

Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Perú (CGTP)482

Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil645

Congresses on Black Culture in the Americas374–75

Consejo de Educación Popular de América Latina y el Caribe (CEAAL)650

Consejo de Mujeres340–41

Consejo de Todas las Tierras (CTT)364

Consejo Nacional Indio de Venezuela (CONIVE)615–18

Constitutional Assembly (1991)749–50

Constitutional Convention (1988)749

constitutional theory167–68, 748

consumer mobilization
after 1990493–97
Argentina491–92
Brazil492, 494–95, 496–97
business studies on499
Chile494
class action and498–99
corporate social responsibility499
Costa Rica494
ethical consumption496–97
globalization and496–97
introduction to9, 488–90
legal studies on498–99
mass consumption488–89
multilateral cooperation in498–99
during 1940-1990490–93
performance and social media analyses500
political and cultural studies on497–98
summary of500–1

consumer organizations38–39

Consumer Protection Code492, 495

consumer rights38, 488, 489–90, 491, 492, 493, 496–97, 498, 664

consumer sovereignty488–89, 491

contentious politics722–26, 731, 732–38

controlled inclusion459, 461

Coodinadora de las Organizaciones Indígenas de la Cuenca Amazónica (COICA)363–64

cooperativism123

Coordinadora Andina de Organizaciones Indígenas (CAOI)261

Coordinadora de Comunidades Mapuche Williche por la Defensa del Territorio Willi Lafken Weychan132–33

Coordinadora de Defensa del Agua y de la Vida253, 313

Coordinadora de Movimientos Sociales147, 313

Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones133

Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones del Campo (CLOC)330, 332

Coordinadora Nacional de Comunidades Afectadas por la Minería131–32

Coordinadora Nacional de Resistencia Popular (CNRP)147, 150

Coordinadora Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación (CNTE)655

Coordinadora Revolucionaria de las Masas (CRM)147

Coordinadora Social in Nicaragua147

Córdoba university reform390–93

Cordobazo protest200, 208–9

corporate social responsibility (CSR)499

Corpus Christi massacre207

Correa, Rafael361, 724–25

Correlates of War database171

Corriente Clasista Combativa (CCC)147

corruption concerns9, 148, 400–1 See also anti-corruption social mobilization

Costa Rica
consumer mobilization494
environmental mobilization448
labor legislation in305
land occupation conflicts274–75

Costa Rican Communist Party151

Council for the Popular Economy and the Complementary Social Wage315–16

Council for the Production of Development307

counter-legal mobilization754–55

counter-movements9, 539

coup d’état241–42, 476–77, 492–93, 556–57, 563 See also military coups

court system in legal mobilization747–49, 751–55

Coutinho, Carlos Nelson24

COVID-19 pandemic242–43

creative human actions665

Creole patriotism166–67

criminalization of social movements
in Brazil286, 288

Criola378–79

critical theories of modernity124–25

critic negotiators98–99

cross-border tourism249

cross-national alliances95

Cruzado Plan494–95

Cry (El Grito) of Alcorta307

Cuba
barbudos in561–62
educational movements646–47, 651
feminist organizations in340
revolutionary movements182, 183–90, 192, 561–62, 566–67

Cuban Communist Party151

Cuban Revolution22, 23, 24–25, 57, 326, 327–28, 372–73

cultural dimension of social movements
alternative movement culture580–83
Argentina579
Bolivia577
challenges to576–80
culture, as complex whole575–76
introduction to573–75
Peru577
summary of583–84

cultural identity113, 321, 377, 592–93, 594

cultural modernization168–69, 490

cultural movements55, 374–75

cultural production500

Culturas híbridas: Estrategias para entrar y salir de la modernidad (Canclini)577

Cultures in Conflict: Social Movements and the State in Peru (Stokes)24

cyborg feminism130–31

Dalton, Roque561

Davis, Angela378

Dealy, Glen575–76

Debray, Regis185–86

decentralization
autonomists and9, 98
democracy and684, 685–86, 687, 689
EZLN and611
fiscal policies of294
market-led development and236, 237
network concepts90
political liberalization and481, 518, 594
state policies of284–85, 737, 763

decolonial feminism115–17, 124–25

decolonizing approaches (DA) to social movements
concepts and perspectives128–31
contribution to debate on125–28
introduction to5, 123–24
nationalist and ethnic-based movements590
overview of124–25
to public education654–55
research agenda summary134–35
territorial struggles131–34

deconstructivism118

deforestation133, 692

deleveraging hook75, 98

de Mello, Collor476, 477

demobilization
in Andean region292–95
in Argentina289–92
in Brazil286–89
introduction to283
mechanisms of284–86
of right-wing movements545
in South America286–95
summary of295–96
working class at the grassroots309

democracy
androcentric processes of8
citizenship and609–10
communitarian democracy769–70
decentralization and684, 685–86, 687, 689
market-based democracies488–89, 492–93
need for social movements59
neoliberal democracy249–50, 263
political institutions for claim-making678–79
radical democracy114–15
redemocratization45–46
revalorization of58–59
right-wing movements in545–46
shape movements through43
social movements within220–22
transitions to12, 37, 43, 213–14, 220–24, 473–74, 685, 749, 757, 778, 779–80, 789
women’s movements and344–46
workers mobilization and310–12

democratic deficit and defensive transnationalization525

democratic polity110

democratization
Argentina216–17, 290
cities, democratic struggle of683–85
impact of590–91
international trend toward152
introduction to213–14
labor movement role238
liberal democratization9, 237–38
of media396–97, 399–400
Mexico704–5
mixed development239–43
protracted transitions218–20
regional democratization6–7, 250, 256–57
social movements within democracy220–22
summary of222–24
transitions from above215–17
transitions from below217–18
understanding transitions214–20
of universities392–93, 395

Dependencia y desarrollo en América Latina (Cardoso, Faletto)23

dependency theory22–24

dependentistas23

D’ Epinay, Lalive633

destabilization stage115, 233, 239

deterritorialization process77–78, 278

Dialéctica de la dependencia (Marini)23

Díaz, Porfirio182, 322

Díaz Herrera, Roberto198–99

dictatorships. See also authoritarianism
foundational dimension of57–58
Haiti198
human rights movements56, 427–30
military dictatorships37, 182–83, 375–76, 789
Panama198–99
personal dictatorships6, 197–99
protest waves against149
terroristic dictatorships25, 198
workers’ movement and310

diffusionism91

digital activism
actors in697–98
agnosticism and701
discussion706–7
Guatemala701–3, 706–7
introduction to696–97
limits of computational methods700
Mexico697–98, 699, 703–7
summary of707–8
theories of699–700
tools of699
transnationalism and531–32
Zapista movement and698, 699

Directorio Revolucionario 13 de Marzo184

disincorporation237, 238

domains of agency778–79

domestic-based activism109

domestic loops75, 528

dominant elites256–57, 323

Domitila Barrios de Chungara342–43

Dos Santos, Theotonio23

double militancy345–46, 542–43, 548

double movement724

dual pressure285, 287, 291, 294–95, 296

Duque, Iván550–52

Duvalier, François197, 198

Duvalier, Jean-Claude198

earthquake victims movement74

Echeverría, Luis207

ecodependents99

ecoentrepreneurs99

ecogenoethnocide130

ecological blindness516–17

economically active population (EAP)457–58

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)233–34

economic dynamics6–7

economic elitism97

economic liberalism415–16

economic liberalization145–46, 147, 151, 155, 416, 527, 684–85

economic reprimarization439

economic theory and consumerism494

economic threats150–52

economism733–34

ecoresisters99

Ecuador
constitutional reform processes347
demobilization process in293, 294–95
environmental mobilization447
environmental movement in99
indigenous movements in220–21, 356
institutionalization of social movements784–85
labor legislation in305
Left Turn government361
National Indigenous Uprising in356
party politics724–25

educational movements
anarchism and643–45
under authoritarianism647–50
Bolivia648, 654–55
Brazil644–45, 650–51, 652–53, 654
Central America652
Chile644, 654–55
Colombia651–52
Cuba646–47, 651
early and mid-twentieth century644–47
EZLN and653
grassroots social movements and650
Guatemala652
introduction to643–44
Mexico645–46, 650, 652, 653
organizing of654–55
political education644–45
socialism and644, 645–46
social movement and650–53
summary of655–56

education protest147

eigenvector centrality88–89

Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN)187, 551–52

Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)187, 561, 566

Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN)
autonomist movements and514–15
Chiapas Zapatista movement58–59, 64, 262
citizenship and608, 611–12, 617
democratization and45
digital activism and698, 699
educational movements and653
elite-negotiated democratizing pacts213–14
enactment of331
formation of278
geographies of activism686
impact of40, 76–77
neoliberalism and153, 260
overview of190–92, 218–20, 331, 356
within a protracted transition218–20
rebel camp in Chiapas562
revolutionary movements and563
transnational collective action and531–32
transnational development and258
transnational networking96–97
women’s equality and343–44

El Aguila Mexicana journal338–39

Eldorado dos Carajás massacre274

Eliécer Gaitán, Jorge328

elite-based movements233, 235, 243

elite-negotiated democratizing pacts213–14

El Salvador
anti-abortion counter movement546–48
anti-mining activists254
guerrilla movements18–19, 21–22, 92
indigenous movements in324–25
insurgent path to democracy213–14
military regime204–6
non-violent protest wave in145
political liberation in148–49
resistance by rural workers306–7
revolutionary movements in189
right-wing movements546–48
transitions from below217–18

El Tambo125

emancipatory horizons of the European left124–25

encampments276, 651, 654, 673–74

Engels, Friedrich17–18

entanglement perspectives129–30

environmentalism253–54, 441, 443–44, 516–17

environmental justice287–88, 443–44, 507, 515–17, 518

environmental mobilization
action and participation in444–45
actors involved in442–43
Argentina442, 448
Brazil448–49
collective action and449, 451
Costa Rica448
defined440
general trends440–46
grassroots social movements and441, 442, 445–46
introduction to439–40
issues in443–44
Mexico449
political and economic contexts446
relations to state445–46
scales of445
as social movement447–50
summary of450–52

environmental rights221, 241, 432

epistemic diversity130

epistemic pluriversity130

epistemic reductionism130, 131–32, 134–35

Escola Sem Partido549

e Silva, Costa393

Estado Mayor147

Estenoz, Evaristo372

Estudio para la Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer (DEMUS)756–57

ethical consumption496–97

ethnic rights5–7, 287–88

Eurocentrism25–26, 130

European immigration306

ex post facto theoretical185–86

extra-academic intellectual practices128

extractivism95, 129

extreme poverty223–24, 288–89

extreme right-wing movements118, 289, 538–39, 547, 549–50, 552

fake news545–46

Family Farming Food Acquisition Program289

Federación de Estudiantes de la Universidad de Chile (FECH)395

Federación de Estudiantes Secundarios (FESES)395

Federación de Juntas vecinales de la Paz (FEJUVE)295

Federación Democrática de Mujeres Cubanas340

Federación de Organizaciones Nucleadas de la Agricultura Familiar788

Federación Ecuatoriana de Indios (FEI)331

Federación Internacional de Estudiantes393

Federación Nacional de Mujeres Campesinas, Artesanas, Indígenas, Nativas y Asalariadas del Perú (FENMUCARINAP)596

Federación Obrera Regional Uruguaya307

Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia (FSTMB)183

federalism322, 747, 757, 758

Federal Law to Prevent and End Discrimination781–82

Federal Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC)645

feminism
Afro-Latin feminism380
Black feminism130, 288, 377–78
cyborg feminism130–31
legal mobilization and754
lesbian feminists345–46
LGBTIQ+ movements and412–13
liberal feminists338
participatory state feminism788
Protestantism and635–37

Feminismo Americano337–38

feminist and queer perspectives. See also LGBTIQ+ movements
challenges to mainstream theory108–11
collective identity formation112–15
decolonial feminism115–17, 124–25
introduction to5, 107–8
summary of118

feminist movements
anti-fascist feminist movements339–40
Argentina261
Brazil340, 341, 342, 347–48
demands of337–39
identity culture in594–97
introduction to336, 337–38
Lastesistas521–22
lesbian feminists345–46
state feminism288

Ferrer, Raúl646–47

field theory638–39

fiesteras, in Buenos Aires409

First Conference of Latin American Communist Parties in Buenos Aires324

First Continental Encounter for Humanity and Against Neoliberalism531–32

First National Conference of Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, Travestis, Transgenders and Transexuals783–84

fiscal decentralization294

foco theory185–86

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)782

food autonomy133, 134

foquismo/foco guerrillero561–62, 564–65, 566–67

Foro de Políticas Públicas Rurales788

Foro Indígena de Abya Yala, the Foro de Comunicación Indígena261

Foro Nacional de la Agricultura Familiar (FoNAF)788

Fortuny, José Manuel325–26

Foucault, Michel109–10, 111, 413–14

fragmentation98–99, 237

framejacking, defined542

framing by right-wing movements541–42

fraud use by military regimes205

Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA)526

free trade agreements38–39, 525, 527–28

Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)95–96, 98–99, 528–29, 530

Freire, Paulo646–50

Frente Amplio398

Frente de Acción Popular Unificado (FAPU)147

Frente de Convergencia Nacional Party479

Frente de Liberación Homosexual412

Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)92, 146–47, 189–90, 546–48, 559, 649

Frente Homosexual de Acción Revolucionaria (FHAR)412–13

Frente Nacional de Defensa de los Bienes Públicos y el Patrimonio Nacional147

Frente Nacional de Lucha (FNL)147

Frente Nacional de Resistencia Popular (FNRP)147, 150

Frente Nacional por la Defensa de los Derechos Económicos y Sociales (Frenadeso)147

Frente Negra Brasileira372–73

Frente País Solidario (FREPASO)146–47, 475

Frente para la Victoria (FPV)725–26

Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN)146–47, 186–87, 188–90, 192–93, 197–98, 328–29, 562, 649

Fry, Stephen548

Fuentes, Ydígoras186

fuero real407

Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN)187

Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes (FAR)186

Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)328, 550, 562

Fuerzas de Liberación Nacional (FLN)562, 563, 564–65

Fujimori, Alberto472–73

Fundación Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (FARN)750–51, 753–54

Fundación Colombiana para la Investigación de la Cultura Negra374–75

fundamentalist right539

FundeMujer379

Galvão, Patricia340

García, Alan44

García Bárcenas, Rafael183–84

Garvey, Marcus372–73

gay identity414

Gay-Lesbian Pride Marches415

Gay Liberation Movement410

gay marriage45

Geledés378–79

gender-based violence130

gender equality338, 346–47, 410–11, 412–13, 596–97, 629–30, 770, 781–82

gender ideology118, 419, 547, 549, 551

gender oppression18–19

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)332

genocide143

geographical space512–13

geographies of activism
Bolivia686, 689
Brazil685–86, 690–91
Central America688
Colombia686, 687
democratic struggle of cities683–85
institutionalized politics685–87
introduction to678–79
Mexico690–91
micro-geographies of disruption681–83, 691
Peru689
resistance to neoliberalism687–91
spatial strategies in social movement theory679–81
summary of691–92

geopolitical dimension of knowledge127

German Autonomen506–7, 511–12

global Depression150–51

globalization. See also neoliberal globalization
autonomist movements and513–14
border-crossing movements261–62
consumer mobilization496–97
defined249
environmental challenges253–54
introduction to6–7, 249–50
Left organizations and259–61
LGBTIQ+ movements and415–16
modernity model and60
new communication technologies258–59
protest waves and251–52
resource mobilization and39
summary of263

global justice activism262, 667–68

global protest wave (2011-2012), C23P1. See also protest waves

glocalization285–86, 294

González, Clara338

Gonzalez, Lélia378–79, 380

Goulart, João341, 647–48

government corruption protest waves148

Gramsci, Antonio4, 22, 24, 580

grassroots social movements
Argentina290
Brazil288
capitalism and235, 236
Christian communities and329
communication99
educational movements and650
environmental mobilization and441, 442, 445–46
incorporation of304
political liberalism and37
water privatization by260
workers mobilization and312–16

Great Depression233, 241–42

Griffin, Roger537–38

Grupo Gay de Bahía414, 415, 548–49

Grupo Latinoamericano de Estudio, Formación y Acción Feminista125

Guatemala
anti-corruption social mobilization477–80
democratic transitions from above216–17
digital activism701–3, 706–7
educational movements652
guerrilla movements18–19
indigenous movements in325–26
Mayan peasant associations251–52
military regime204–6
mining conflicts in445
Pan-Maya movement in582
peasant movements205
revolutionary movements in186, 189

Guatemalan National Police206

guerra popular prolongada (prolonged people’s war-GPP/PPL)562

guerrilla movements. See also revolutionary movements and guerrillas
Brazil202
El Salvador18–19, 21–22, 92
Guatemala18–19
guerrilla, defined557
military regimes and204
second-wave guerrilla groups188–89
warfare by184, 185–86

Guevara, Che185–86, 187, 556–57, 561–62, 566–67

Guevara-Debray theory of revolution561–62

Gutiérrez, Gustavo648–49

hacendados322

Haitian dictatorships198

Haitian Revolution371–72

health care reforms578–79

Hemispheric Social Alliance (HSA)528–29, 530

heteronormativity112, 113, 240, 538

History of Sexuality (Foucault)413–14

HIV/AIDS crisis111, 414–15, 780, 781–82, 787

Ho-Chi Minh188

Holloway, John506–7

homosexuality rights406–7, 408–11, 412, 413–14, 415

Honduran Consejo Cívico de Organizaciones Populares e Indígenas133

Honduras145–46, 150, 666–67

horizontalism97, 100, 260–61, 372–73

Housewives Committees342–43

human rights claims56, 423, 430–31, 432–34

human rights groups200–1, 424–25, 427, 431, 433, 462, 595

human rights movements
anti-corruption social mobilization480
Argentina424–25, 428
Catholic Church426, 427
Chile242, 424–25, 427, 428
citizenship rights and430–31
dictatorships and56, 427–30
emergence of424–25
expansion of430–33
introduction to8–9, 422–24
key elements425–27
Mexico59
militant motherhood341–43
military dictatorships and422–23, 424, 425
non-governmental organizations and426, 427–28
social rights and432–33
summary of433–34
women in583

human rights organizations (HROs)218, 428, 433, 756

human rights violations43–44, 57–58, 223–24, 424, 427–29, 433–34, 525, 634

identity/identity movements
aboriginal identity movements592
Black identity373–75, 384
Blackness in370, 374, 379–80
collective identity3, 72, 112–15, 440, 591
Colombia601–2
cultural identity113, 321, 377, 592–93, 594
exclusion/inclusion politics600–2
gay identity414
in indigenous movements592–94
indigenous people and359–64
intersectional identities93–94
introduction to10, 590–92
labor movements238
LGBTIQ+ movements413–14, 597–99, 780
minority identity598
national identity movements592
negro/a identity381–82
normative identity movements592
particularistic identity movements592
Peru601–2
sexual identity theory109–10
shared identity440, 448, 449, 544
in social mobilization10
women and108–9
in women’s movements594–97

illegal protest activity690

immigrant rights221

immigration306

imperialism561, 634–35

import substitution industrialization491

impression management284

Inca Empire166

incorporation mechanisms75

Indigenous and Afro-diasporic trajectories124–25

indigenous communities96, 148–49, 277–78, 615–17

indigenous dipossession movements
historical roots of355–56
introduction to8, 354–55
struggles of359–64
summary of364–65
theoretical explanations for356–59

indigenous movements. See also peasant movements
autonomist movements and510
Bolivia220–21, 321–22, 356, 362
Brazil322–23, 326
Chile325, 364
Colombia220–21, 323, 328
Ecuador220–21, 356
El Salvador324–25
environmentalization441
geographical perspectives77
globalization and259–60
in Guatemala325–26
identity and592–94
introduction to8, 354–55
liberation movements27–28
Mexico92–93, 322, 323–24, 356

indigenous prior consultation (IPC)293

indigenous rights287–88, 431, 432

indiscriminate repression149

indissolubility of systems76

industrialization182, 234, 304, 491

Indymedia40

inflection in decolonization124–25

information politics543

Iniciativa Mesoamericana de Comercio, Integración y Desarrollo (Iniciativa CID)528

institutionalization of social movements
Argentina781–82, 784, 786, 787, 788
Brazil782, 785
Chile780–81
collective actions389
Ecuador784–85
introduction to12–13, 777–80
Mexico782, 786, 787
modes of780–81
participation in288
politics of11–13, 685–87, 718
positional institutionalization787–88
practical institutionalization785–86
programmatic institutionalization781–82
in revolution182
socioterritorial movements and77–78
summary788–89
symbolic institutionalization783–85
Uruguay786
workers’ mobilization and308–9

institutional recognition284–85, 287, 296

institutional schemas579

Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Afro-Brasilieros374–75

Instituto Mexicano para el Desarrollo Comunitario (IMDEC)650

Instituto Nacional contra la Discriminación, la Xenofobia y el Racismo (INADI)781–82

Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)291–92

Instituto Paulo Freire (IPF)650

Instituto Pedagógico Latinoamericano y Caribeño (IPLAC)651

Instituto Universitario Latinoamericano de Agroecología Paulo Freire (IALA-PF)653

insurgent elites6, 181

integration of peasant movements323–26

Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM)339, 522–23

Inter-American Convention Against Corruption (IACAC)472

Intercontinental Encounter for Humanity and against Neoliberalism190–91

internal competition in network mechanisms98–99

international aid chain258

International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women348, 521

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Langlois)592

International Feminist Congress in Buenos Aires338–39

International Journal of Communication696–97

International Labor Organization Convention 169 (ILO 169)293

International Labor Organization (ILO)364

international litigation756–57

International Monetary Fund (IMF)150, 236

internet communicational technologies (ICTs)147

Internet Society in Mexico705

inter-relational perspectives129–30

intersectionality72–73, 93–94, 112–13

irreversibility of time129

ISI economies236–37

issue-based coalitions528

itrofill mongen of diversity132–33

Jáuregui, Carlos413–14

Jehovah’s Witnesses632

Jelin, Elizabeth427–28

Jeunesse Ouvrìere Chrétienne (Young Christian Workers) (YCW)627–28

Joaquín Chamorro, Pedro198

John XXIII, Pope628

jornais cariocas, in Rio de Janeiro409

June Protest Cycle in Brazil533

Juntas de Buen Gobierno (Good Government Boards)190–91, 612

Juventud Ortodoxa183–84

Juventud Revolucionaria Nicaragüense (JRN)186–87

Kant, Immanuel506

Katari, Tupac582

Keck, Margaret523–24

Kirchner, Cristina Fernández de289, 315–16, 474, 719, 725–26

Kirchner, Fernández de290

Kirchner, Néstor289, 290, 314, 725–26

Krenak, Ailton277

Kubitscheck, Juscelino340–41

kume felen (good living)132–33

labor legislation305

labor movements7–8, 18–19, 235, 236, 238, 462, 723–24

La Causa R725

Lacerda, María340

Lame Chantre, Manuel Quintín323

Lampão da Esquina412–13

La Mujer journal338–39

landlessness239, 269, 271–72, 276

land occupation
conflicts over266–71
criminalization of273–74
disputes and development278–80, 279t
indigenous people and277–78
introduction to266–68
peasantry and275–77
summary of280–81
territorial conflicts and266–71
territorialization277
typology of271–75, 272t

land reform229, 269–70, 287–89, 325, 328, 648, 667

land reforms269–70, 356

La Piedrita collective612–13

Las Bambas mine in Apurimac253–54

Lastesistas521–22

lateral transnationalism97

latifundia269–70, 271–72, 457

Latin American Marxism (1870-1910). See Marxism

Latin American Security Operation328

The Latin Americans-Spirit and Ethos (Dealy)575

Left Turn government361

left-wing social movements
citizenship and611
electoral triumphs143
emancipatory horizons of the European left124–25
globalization and259–61
government rule and26
indigenous movements and28
left-libertarian autonomism506
libertarian autonomism506
oppositional leftist parties145
populism and59, 339, 340–41
women’s movements339–41, 342

legal mobilization
Argentina749–51, 752–53
Brazil749, 752–53
Colombia749–50, 752
counter-legal mobilization754–55
court system and747–49, 751–55
federalism and757
feminist organizations and754
framework of747–49
impact of749–51
international litigation756–57
introduction to746–47
Mexico752–53
multi-level processes of755–57
subnational legal mobilization757
summary of757–58

legal rights movement492

Lei Suplicy393

lesbian feminists345–46

Lesbian-Gay-Transvestite-Transsexual-Bisexual Pride Marches415

LGBTIQ+ movements
anti-LGBT+ uncivil movement45–46, 480, 548–50
under authoritarianism411–12
claims for recognition73
discrimination issues40–41
early mobilization409–11
feminism and107–8, 110, 111, 112, 114–17
gay marriage45
globalization and economic liberalism415–16
historical and cultural context407–9
HIV/AIDS crisis111, 414–15, 780, 781–82, 787
homosexuality rights406–7, 408–11, 412, 413–14, 415
identity culture of413–14, 597–99, 780
institutionalization of781–82, 783–84, 786, 787
introduction to8, 406–7
lesbian feminists345–46
liberation theology movement and629–30
Mexico599
Pentecostals and637
political alliance building45
political identities116–17
role in democratization238
same-sex marriage legalization116–17
schisms in412–13
state-directed activism417–18, 418t
summary of418–19

LGBTQ rights221, 287, 431

Liberación de la Madre Tierra Project133

liberal democratization9, 237–38

liberal-elitist nationalism168

liberal feminists338

liberal model of development233

liberation theology movement152–53, 409–10, 560, 561, 629–30, 647–50

Libertad y Refundación (LIBRE)146–47

Liga Cristã549

Liga da Mulher pela Democracia341

Liga Internacional de Mujeres Ibéricas e Hispanoamericanas339

Ligas Camponesas645

Ligas de Comunidades Agrarias323–24

living well (buen vivir/vivir bien/sumak kawsay)79

López Obrador, Andrés Manuel258–59

López Pérez, Rigoberto561

L’Ouverture, Toussaint371–72

Lozano, Betty Ruth379

Luisi, Paulina338

Lula da Silva, Luis Inácio286, 287–88, 313–14, 526

Luso-Hispanic colonial legacy3

Luxemburg, Rosa563

Machado, Gerardo151

Macri, Mauricio315–16

macroeconomic policy239, 494

macro-social projects55

Madero, Francisco I.182, 556–57

Madres de Plaza de Mayo59, 72–73, 201, 341–42, 422, 426, 428

Maduro, Nicolás207–8, 397

Manuel Santos, Juan550

Mao Tse Tung188

Mapuche movement278, 325, 364

maquiladora industries315–16, 432

Marcha de los Cuatro Suyos481

Marcha de los Turbantes (March of the Turbaned Ones)379