
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Modes of Institutionalization Modes of Institutionalization
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Programmatic Institutionalization Programmatic Institutionalization
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Symbolic Institutionalization Symbolic Institutionalization
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Practical Institutionalization Practical Institutionalization
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Positional Institutionalization Positional Institutionalization
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements
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Notes Notes
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References References
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46 Social Movements and Modes of Institutionalization
Get accessAdrian Gurza Lavalle, Universidade de São Paulo and Centro de Estudos da Metrópole (CEM)—Centro Brasileiro de Análise e Planejamento (CEBRAP), Brazil
José Szwako, Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Politicos, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Published:22 May 2023
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Abstract
This chapter discusses the influence of social movements on public policy through an examination of modes of institutionalization. Due to the prevalence of approaches which posit a rigid divide between civil society and the state, the role of social movements in institutionalization has been insufficiently analyzed. In dialogue with historical institutionalism and both discursive and pragmatic policy approaches, the chapter casts new light on how institutionalization varies according to the object that is to be institutionalized. Based on an extensive literature review on Latin America, it focuses on four modes: programmatic, positional, symbolic, and practical. The programmatic mode refers to a form of institutionalization of public policies and institutional arenas that emerges from the projects and programs of militants and social movements organizations. The positional mode can be understood as a form of institutionalization in which official positions within the state apparatus are linked to social movements and occupied by activists. The symbolic mode concerns the internalization of symbolic and cognitive categories of social actors by the state, through its bureaucracies. Once these categories become part of the language of the state, they affect the way policies classify and organize the social world. Finally, the practical mode of institutionalization refers to what are often understood as “merely technical” aspects or “minor details” of public policy but are in reality policy instruments whose origins often lie in the interaction between authorities and movements.
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