Index

For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52–53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages.

Tables and figures are indicated by t and f following the page number

abortion478–80

Africa See Portuguese-African relations

Aliança Democrática (AD)105–6, 110

Angola See Portuguese-African relations

annual commemorations38, 43, 48

anti-communist movement25–27, 26f, 38

armed forces See civil-military relations

Armed Forces Movement (MFA) (Movimento das Forças Armadas)20–23, 758–59
counter-coup27
Group of Nine26–27
institutionalization of21, 23–24

Assembleia da República (AR) (parliament)136
EU membership, impact of143–45, 146
evolution of the role of136–38, 145–46
institutional powers138–39
legislative powers139
parliamentary committees142–43
parliamentary party groups141–42
public access and scrutiny145, 146
relationship with the executive139–41
resources available to140–41

Atlanticism648, 656, 749

‘austerity by stealth’694–95, 696

austerity packages549–50, 687–88

authoritarian regime39
citizens’ attitudes towards the authoritarian past46–47
dealing with the authoritarian past40–42, 48
future research48–49
political parties
managing the legacies of the country’s authoritarian past42–46
repressing the opposition39
transitional justice mechanisms40–42

bailout programmes683, 688, 696
post-programme surveillance692
requests for688
tensions between responsiveness and responsibility684, 694–95 See also Memoranda of Understanding

banking union645

BEsee Bloco de Esquerda

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)660

birth rate59–60, 60f

‘Black Book Commission’41

Bloco de Esquerda (Left Bloc [BE])89, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97–98, 333, 356–57, 670, 672

Brazil
colonial rule716–17
abolition of monarchies717
Brazil’s independence716–17
slavery716–17
democratic period720–23
end of both dictatorships718–20
competition with Brazil for influence over Lusophone Africa719
Portugal’s EEC membership719, 723
Estado Novo regimes
corporatist regimes717
divergences over Portugal’s African colonial empire718
Portuguese community in Brazil717–18

relationship with715–16, 723

Brexit660–61

business associations See employer associations

‘business politicians’592

Caetano, M.20–21, 123–24, 255

campaigning See election campaigns

candidate selection See political parties

Cape Verde See Portuguese-African relations

capital inflows and productivity growth644–45, 646

Carnation Revolution5–6, 103–4, 388, 474, 702

Catholic Church472, 475–76

culture of consensus482–83
liberalization of abortion478–80
role during the transition to democracy474–75
state funding to private schools481–82
transition to religious freedom475–78
voting preferences475
welfare sector, role in480–81

‘Catholic Party’475, 477, 478–80, 483

Cavaco Silva, A.106, 129–30, 150–52, 344, 482

cavaquismo106–7

‘central bloc’ politics98–99

Centro Democrático e Social-Partido Popular (CDS-PP)104–5, 106–7, 113, 333, 356, 670, 672 See also political parties

Chega (CH)114–15, 314, 315, 357–58

chief prosecutor169–70, 170t

CIG412–13, 416, 417–18

‘Citizen Spaces’ (Espaços Cidadão)207

citizens’ relationship with the political arena244, 258–59
diffuse support for democracy244, 245, 254–59, 257f
political participation251–54, 252f, 254f, 258
specific support for political authorities244, 245–47, 246f, 258
economic performance247, 249
ideological congruence249, 250f, 250–51, 251f
quality of institutions247–48, 248f, 249

civil-military relations21, 28, 29–30, 757, 771
defence expenditure765f, 765
organizational transformation of the military761–62, 763f, 763
inclusion of women764
professionalization762, 764
reduction in personnel762, 763f, 763
public perceptions of defence policies and the military769–71
role of the military during transition to, and consolidation of, democracy758–61
strategic orientation of the military766
‘Europeanization’ of defence policy766
international missions766–69, 767f, 768f

Civil Parish Councils215, 216

civil society organizations See interest groups

climate change and environmental sustainability627

collective bargaining and industrial relations system532–35, 533f

colonial wars39, 80–82 See also decolonization

colonialism

anti-colonial movements76

authoritarian nature of colonial projects80

citizenship status72–73
colonial knowledge and cultures77–78
colonial reformism74
economic and social development and modernization72, 73, 74
extent of the colonial empire72
impact on the colonial power and it’s people9–10
infrastructural modernization71–72
international and transnational dynamics75–76
intra-imperial migration72–73
labour mobility76–77
‘late colonial state’71–72
legacies of colonialism83
‘Lusotropicalism’77
‘politics of difference’76–77
repressive developmentalism74
schemes of inter-colonial collaboration76
‘second colonial occupation’71 See also Brazil; See also decolonization

Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)657–58, 749–50

Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)722, 733, 734, 745

comparative politics3–4, 7, 12–13

consensus politics89–90

constitution5–6
constitutional revision (1982)30
constitutional revision (1989)5–6, 30
socialist components of5–6, 28

Constitutional Court170
institutional framework170–71, 172t, 173–74 See also judicial politics

corruption247–48, 248f, 589–90, 601–2
anti-corruption legislative packages597–600, 598t
‘business politicians’592
‘cosmetic laws’600
emergence of corruption in the public debate591
factors leading to increased public sensitivity to political corruption593–95
governmental anti-corruption pledges596–97
‘imperfect laws’600
incidence of corruption591, 592f
international pressure595
legislative reforms595–96, 601–2
reactive nature of600–1
regulation of ethical standards601
symbolic nature of600
media coverage594–95
opportunities for political misconduct591, 592
perceptions of corruption592–93

Costa, A.98–99, 130, 140, 652

Council of Junior Ministers154–55, 161

Council of Ministers (CoM)154, 155, 161

Council of the Revolution (CR)23, 28, 29–30, 759–60

COVID-19 pandemic131, 465–66, 583, 619, 650, 659, 661

‘critical citizens’251–52, 253

cultural legacies of the revolution7, 12–13

customization of goods626–27

death rate59, 60f

decentralization217, 218–19, 221, 222, 604–5, 615

asymmetric decentralization arrangements616 See also local government

decolonization18–19, 21–22, 23, 80
acknowledgement of the right of colonial peoples to self-determination and independence81–82
colonial wars39, 80–82
global decolonization78–80
Guinea-Bissau
unilateral declaration of independence80–81
impact of Second World War78–79
internal rivalries within the anti-colonial movement80–81
migration of Portuguese settlers82
political and social transformation79
resistance to decolonization80
trajectories towards decolonization82–83
transfer of power82
United Nations General Assembly
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples78
violent and repressive measures to resist decolonization79–81 See also Brazil; See also Portuguese-African relations

defence See security and defence

Defence Technological and Industrial Base (DTIB)751

Delgado, H.39, 309, 458–59, 717

deliberative polls206

Democratic Renewal Party (PRD) (Partido Renovador Democrático)111, 356, 597

democratization18–20, 32–33
adoption of a semi-presidential system29
anti-capitalism22
constitutional pact23–24
democratic consolidation28–31
elections to Constituent Assembly23–25, 25t
political parties, emergence of22
provisional governments22–23, 27
revolutionary period of 1974–197521–22
social movements21–22, 23
state crises18–19, 21, 22–23, 27
‘transition by rupture’21

demographic change54, 58–60, 66–67
birth rate59–60, 60f
death rate59, 60f
migratory balance58–60

descriptive representation
gender equality412, 413f, 413–15, 414f

developmental laggard4–5

d’Hondt system of proportional representation23, 183, 186, 191, 329, 366

Eanes, R.29–30, 31, 125, 340, 349, 356, 731

earnings inequality490, 491t See also income and wealth inequality

ECB See European Central Bank
economic and monetary union
banking union, need for645
capital inflows and productivity growth644–45, 646
challenges for645
convergence criteria637–38
economic benefits and costs of a currency area638
economic policy and outcomes pre- and post-euro adoption periods640f, 640–44, 645
fiscal policies639
road to creation of636–37

economic globalization See globalization

economic growth and structural change53, 54–58, 55t, 58f, 66–67
deindustrialization55
industrialization55
labour market shocks56
nationalization56
privatization56–57
remittances57
troika programme57

education
access to8, 65, 66f
data availability regarding educational results569–70
dropout rates559, 560f, 560
educational attainment559, 570
income inequality, and495–96, 496t, 501–2
grade retention561–62
gross enrolment rates559, 559f
higher education559
international assessments of students560–61
length of mandatory education558–59
literacy rate65, 557–58, 558f
national exams568–69, 570
positive discrimination programmes562
primary education enrolment558
school autonomy563
school rankings569
spending on62
state funding to private schools481–82
teachers565
age profile565, 566f
allocation of teachers to public schools567
attractiveness of the teaching profession567–68
evaluation of567
exam to allow access to the profession567
number of teachers per level of education566f
training565–67
vocational education563–65, 564f

EFTA622, 648, 703

‘egotropic’ voting278

election campaigns262, 271
campaign actors263
individualized campaigning263
channels used to convey messages265–66
online campaigning266–68
television266
effects of campaigns262, 270–71
future research271
media coverage269–70
message strategies
clarifying campaigns263–64
insurgent campaigns263–64
issues discussed263–64
negative campaigns264–65
professionalization268–69 See also voting behaviour

electoral participation See electoral turnout

electoral system181, 192
components of182
allocation formula183
assembly size182
district magnitude182
effective number of seat-winning parties184–85, 184f
index of disproportionality183f, 183–84
list type182–83
district magnitude heterogeneity182, 186–87, 190, 193
dual electoral system187
effective number of seat-winning parties187, 188f
index of disproportionality187, 188f

future research193
historical roots of185–86

impact of the electoral system on legislative organization and behaviour189–90, 193
reform of191–92

electoral turnout8, 291

evolution of electoral participation292, 293, 294f, 295, 303
 
European Parliament295
local elections295
parliamentary elections293
presidential elections294–95
gender equality, and409–10, 410f
geographical variations296–98, 297f

implications of turnout on electoral outcomes301, 302t, 302
individual-level correlates of participation298–301
age gap299
gender gap299
level of education299
social class299, 300
measurement of292–93

‘elite circulation’339

emigration440, 446–47, 453–54
cycles of emigration441t
first wave441
fourth wave444–46, 445f
second wave441–42
third wave443–44
posted workers’ scheme444
public policies442, 443, 445

employer associations425, 431–33
confederations431–33, 431t
employer organization density432
independent associations432–33 See also interest groups

employment protection508, 510–11, 511f, 530–31

employment rate536
female employment rate535–36, 536f

Entidade das Contas e Financiamentos Políticos (ECFP)401–2

‘essentialism’8–9

ethics
regulation of ethical standards601 See also corruption

EU See European Union

European Central Bank (ECB)691

asset purchase programmes550
delegation of monetary policy to545–46
government bond purchases643–44
price stability638–39
role of638–39 See also troika

European Economic Recovery Plan583

European Free Trade Association (EFTA)622, 648, 703

European Monetary System (EMS)542, 543, 637

European People’s Party Group (EPP)104

European Regional Development Funds215

European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP)657–58

European Semester551

European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)429

European Union (EU)
accession to the EC649
bailout period and the Troika650, 660
Brexit660–61
Common Security and Defence Policy657–58, 749–50
COVID-19 pandemic661
Plan of Resilience and Recovery650, 659
Europeanization652–53, 654, 661–62
exclusion from the foundation of the European Communities648
‘good student’, acting as a655, 658
historic overview650–56
impact on Portuguese parliament143–45, 146
milestones in Portugal’s relationship with Europe667–68
polarized views on the country’s future relationship with the ECs649
politicization of the EU666–67, 668, 677
Eurozone crisis669, 673–75
political parties668–74, 671f, 677
voter behaviour669, 674–77, 675f, 676f, 681t, 682t
Portuguese integration in economic globalization622–23
presidency of the EU Council655–59, 661–62, 706
security and defence, and749–50
‘tail’ of Europe649, 650

Eurozone crisis549, 551, 669, 673–75 See also bailout programmes; See also Memoranda of Understanding

excessive deficit procedure (EDP)548, 692, 693, 694

Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)637–38

executive149, 161
Council of Ministers154, 155, 161
finance ministers161
future research161–62
political outsiders347–48, 347t, 349–50
‘prime ministerialization’149–50, 154
bilateral meetings157
coordination structures157–61, 158t, 160t
Council of Junior Ministers154–55, 161
inner circles155–57, 156t, 161
institutional context150–54, 151t, 153f, 161
PM’s office157–59, 158t
profiles of the executive elite349–50
ministers and junior ministers344–48, 346t, 347t
politicians versus experts348t, 348–49
prime ministers341–44, 343t
selection of the core executive340–41
‘independents’340–41
political parties340
presidential powers340

Exército de Libertação de Portugal (ELP)109

exploration9–10 See also colonialism

Family Health Units (FHUs)580, 585–86

finance ministers161

financial crisis129–30, 686

foreign policy701, 710
future research710
historical development of703–5
identity and power707–8
European and democratic702, 707
‘good international citizenship’707
links to the Portuguese-speaking communities707–8
multilateralism702, 704–5, 708–9
‘principled pragmatism’701, 702, 705–7 See also Brazil. See also Portuguese-African relations; See also security and defence

Frente Democrática Unida (FDU)108–9

Freyre, G.77

gender equality407
political participation408
conventional forms of participation408–11
party activism409, 409f
party membership408–9
party preferences410–11
unconventional forms of participation411–12, 411f
unionization409, 409f
voter turnout409–10, 410f
political parties
candidate selection330, 335
political representation412–13
descriptive representation412, 413f, 413–15, 414f
gender quotas415, 416–17
state feminism412–13
substantive representation412, 416–17
symbolic representation412

general strike683

geostrategy See security and defence

‘geringonça’97–99, 249, 250–51, 721

Global Teacher Status Index568

global value chains (GVCs)621, 624–25, 626

globalization619
capital flows620
challenges of627–30
COVID-19 pandemic619
evolution of621–22
Portuguese integration in economic globalization622–25
international trade620, 620t
labour mobility620–21
trends underlying globalization
climate change and environmental sustainability627
customization of goods626–27
GVCs, resilience of626
relative importance of trade players627
robots, use of626
services, role of625–26
three-dimensional printing627

grade retention561–62

Group of Nine26–27

Guinea-Bissau
unilateral declaration of independence80–81 See also Portuguese-African relations

Guterres, A.152, 479, 548, 654–55, 709, 721

GVCs See global value chains

health policies586–87
cost containment579, 580, 581, 586–87
COVID-19 pandemic583
dental care584
European Economic Recovery Plan583
long-term care
National Network for Long-Term Care580–81, 586
mental healthcare584
occupational health schemes583–84
political cycles575t
first Social Democratic cycle (1985-1995)577–78
first Socialist cycle (1996-2002)578–79
second Social Democratic cycle (2003-2005)579–80
second Socialist cycle (2006-2011)580–81
third Socialist cycle582–83
troika intervention581–82
primary healthcare
Family Health Units580, 585–86
private sector involvement577–78, 579–80, 583–85
waiting times577–78, 579, 580, 581, 583, 586

health standards65, 573, 576
infant mortality65, 573, 574, 582–83
life expectancy65, 66t, 573, 582–83
maternal mortality573, 574, 581, 582–83

healthcare coverage573

healthcare expenditure62, 573, 574, 576, 577, 578, 579, 581, 582–83, 585

‘hot summer’ of 197525, 27, 97, 460–61

immigration440, 447–49
cycles of immigration447t
immigrant integration451–52, 454
national identity, and238–39
politicization of immigration452–53, 454
public policies450–51, 454

income and wealth inequality487
data sources488
educational attainment, levels of495–96, 496t, 501–2
effectiveness of public policies in reducing inequality and poverty499–501, 500t, 502
income inequality53, 62–65, 63f, 64f, 537
earnings inequality490, 491t
evolution of488–89, 489f, 490t, 501
income and expenditure inequality490, 491t
net wealth inequality492t, 492
social and political impacts of inequality492–93, 496–97, 498t, 501, 502
material deprivation rate494, 495t
poverty rate493f, 493, 494t, 494, 501–2
social exclusion rate493f, 494–95, 501–2 See also welfare state

income protection510

infant mortality65, 573, 574, 582–83

Iniciativa Liberal (IL)112–14, 115, 357–58

inter-municipal cooperation214, 221

interest groups423, 427, 428
challenges of European integration426–27
constitutional framework425
employer associations425, 431–33
confederations431–33, 431t
employer organization density432
independent associations432–33
evolution of424–25, 428, 435–36
formal rules of social concertation425–26
inequality in terms of ‘political voice’428
legacy of the authoritarian regime424
strategies433–35, 435t
trade unions424–25, 430
confederations429–30
evolution of unionization429t
independent unions430
union density430

interest rates547, 547f

internal devaluation strategy512

international assessments of students560–61

intra-imperial migration72–73

Iraq
US-led intervention747

irrationalist nationalism236

judicial institutions
chief prosecutor169–70, 170t
hierarchies167–68
judges
political appointments167–68
judicial career path167
judicial councils168–69, 169t
judicial union168
prosecution agency169–70

judicial politics164–65, 178
courts’ involvement in political decisions175
role of courts in shaping public policy and institutional balance176–77
role of politicians, interest groups, and citizens in empowering courts176
evidence of judicial politics in courts of law170
evidence of judicial politics within the Constitutional Court174–75
future research178
public trust in courts177
theory of166–67

labour market deregulation510–12, 511f

labour market governance527, 528, 538
collective bargaining and industrial relations system532–35, 533f
emergence and development of528–30
future research538
labour market outcomes535
employment rate536
female employment rate535–36, 536f
income inequality537
unemployment rate536, 537f
labour market policies530
employment protection530–31
national minimum wage531
unemployment protection531–32 See also welfare state

labour market shocks56

labour mobility
colonialism76–77

Left Blocsee Bloco de Esquerda

left-wing parties95
changing patterns of coalition politics97–99
‘geringonça’97–99, 249, 250–51, 721
governmental alliance90, 97, 100
mismatch between left-wing voters and their parties96–97, 99–100, see also Bloco de Esquerda;, Partido Comunista Português;, Partido Socialista

liberalization20–21

life expectancy65, 66t, 573, 582–83

‘Lisbon system’737, 739

literacy rate65, 557–58, 558f

local government214, 215–16, 222
central government, influence of215, 219
Civil Parish Councils215, 216
dependence on state transfers605
evolution of municipal revenue606
EU funds607
service fees609
state transfers606–7
tax revenues607–9
Executive Council215
expenditure autonomy604–5
future research616
inter-municipal tax competition615–16
international comparison of fiscal autonomy
local expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure610f, 611
local tax revenue as a percentage of total tax revenue610f, 610–11
tax autonomy611–12
local autonomy218–19, 220, 615, 616
Municipal Assembly215
opportunism605, 613–14
political economy of intergovernmental transfers and local finances612–13
sources of revenue612
tax autonomy604–5
transparency and accountability605, 614–15, 616
voting behaviour614 See also decentralization; See also subnational governance

‘Lusotropicalism’77, 717–18, 734, 739–40

macroeconomic policy542
current account deficit545–46
debt levels547–48
ECB’s asset purchase programmes550
economic growth542–43, 544f, 546–47, 548, 551–52
strategies for552–54
evolution of542
autonomous policymaking543–44
convergence criteria for joining the Eurozone544, 545
delegation of monetary policy to the ECB and constraints on fiscal policy through the SGP545–46
Economic and Financial Assistance Programme549–50
European Semester551
Eurozone crisis549, 551
excessive deficit procedure (EDP)548
interest rates547, 547f
public debt548, 549f, 549, 552

maritime security752–53

material deprivation rate494, 495t See also income and wealth inequality

maternal mortality573, 574, 581, 582–83

media308
development and main changes in the media system309–12, 317–18
distribution of balance316–17
future research318
international trends in media and political communication316–17
issue framing and strategic news framing316
media agendas313
media coverage of political actors312–13
media coverage of populism314–15
negativity and interpretive journalism317
‘pack journalism’313–14
personalization of politics317
political agendas312–13

Memoranda of Understanding (MoU)203, 683–84, 688
alignment of positions690–91
conditionality684, 688
maintaining the changes685–86, 692
reverting measures685–86, 692–96
executive leeway in the design and implementation of684–85, 691–92, 695
implementation of690
modifications to690
negotiations688–90, 695

mental healthcare584

MFA See Armed Forces Movement

migration
migratory balance58–60
net migration and unemployment rates449–50, 450f See also emigration; See also immigration

military coup20–21, 103–4, 107–8, 457

military officers
ministers, appointed as339

mini-publics205–6

Movimento das Forças Armadas See Armed Forces Movement

Movimento de Acção Nacional (MAN)110–11

Mozambique See Portuguese-African relations

municipal heterogeneity219

museums42

national exams568–69, 570

National Health Service (NHS)573–74
creation of574–76

national identity227, 239–40
civic dimensions236–38, 237f
cultural dimension227
degree of identification with the nation230–31, 231f
emotional dimension
national pride233, 234f, 235
ethnic dimensions236–38, 237f
exclusive aspects239
feeling of belonging230, 235
historical construction of228–30
inclusive aspects239
nationalism, and238, 239
patriotism, and238, 239
political dimension227
predictors of national identification231–33, 232t
psychological dimension227
‘true national’
importance of different factors for being considered as235, 236f, 236

national minimum wage531

National Network for Long-Term Care (NNLTC)580–81, 586

National Programme for the Promotion of Academic Success (PNPSE)563

National Strategic Defence Concept (NSDC)745–46

nationalism236, 238–39

nationalization56

NATO See North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

net wealth inequality492t, 492 See also income and wealth inequality

‘new blogging right’112

New Public Management (NPM)201–3, 204, 208
institutional fragmentation202

NHS See National Health Service

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)747–49
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)
mission in Afghanistan748–49

NPM See New Public Management

NSDC745–46

occupational health schemes583–84

online campaigning266–68

opportunism605, 613–14

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)183–85

Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)622 See also Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

parliamentsee Assembleia da República

parliamentarism123

parliamentary committees142–43

parliamentary party groups (PPGs)141–42

Partido Animais e Natureza (PAN)357

Partido Comunista Português (PCP)88–89, 94, 96, 97–98, 333, 355–56, 672
radicalization of95–96

Partido da Democracia Cristã (PDC)108–9, 110

Partido Nacional Renovador (PNR)111–12

Partido Renovador Democrático111, 356, 597

Partido Social Democrata (PSD)24–25, 98–99, 104, 113, 332 See also political parties

Partido Socialista (PS)22, 24, 26–27, 88–89, 96, 97–99, 332, 671–72 See also political parties

partisan competition and identification92–95, 93t

party activism409, 409f

party membership408–9

party preferences410–11

party regulation388–89, 402–3
party constitutionalization389–91, 390f
constitutional revisions391–92
party finances396–97, 398t
control and monitoring401–2
direct public funding397–400
electoral expenditure400–1
private income400
sanctions402
transparency401
Party Laws of 1974 and 2003392–94, 393t
dissolution of parties395–96
formation of political parties394
internal party organization394–95

party system See political parties

Passos Coelho, P.113, 129–30

patriotism238–39

pension system62, 508, 513

personalization of politics150, 317, 341 See also ‘prime ministerialization’ of executive

Pintasilgo, M. de L.342, 407, 574–76

Plan for the Reduction and Improvement of the Central Administration of the State (PREMAC)203

pledges fulfilment377, 378f, 378–81, 380f

policy attention and public opinion381–82

political participation251–54, 252f, 254f, 258 See also gender equality

political parties88–89, 325, 353, 354
authoritarian regime91
legacies of42–46, 91–92
candidate selection325–26, 335
appointment-voting system333
consequences of selection methods328
degree of decentralization331–33
elitist profile335
formal and informal mechanisms329, 330–33, 331t
future research335–36
gender disparities330, 335
localness334–35
requirements of candidacy330
‘secret garden’ of politics326
selectorate330–31
variation in selection methods326–28
‘central bloc’ politics98–99
emergence of22
evolution of354–55
foundation of354
international assistance91–92
left-wing parties See left-wing parties
organization of354
partisan competition and identification92–95, 93t
party system91, 329, 353, 358, 362–63, 367–69
comparison with other contemporary democracies363
consolidation of359–60, 360f, 363
effective number of electoral parties (ENEP)360, 360f, 363, 364f
electoral volatility358–59, 359f, 363, 364f
factors leading to stabilization of365–67
institutionalization of358–59, 363

polarization96, 360–62, 361f, 363, 364f
politicization of the EU668–74, 671f, 677
prohibition of regionalist political parties89
right-wing bias in the political system99–100
right-wing parties See right-wing parties
societal connections355 See also party regulation

political representation371–72, 383–84
future research384
pledges fulfilment377, 378f, 378–81, 380f
policy attention and public opinion381–82
political and ideological congruence373–77, 376f
political system, and372–73
roles of representation382–83 See also gender equality

‘politics of difference’76–77

populism98, 116
media coverage314–15

Portuguese-African relations728, 729, 738–40
initial post-colonial relations729–32
‘Lisbon system’737, 739
major institutions and social groups shaping African relations735–36
post-2008 economic turmoil736–38
Angolan political and economic influence737–38
post-colonial modus vivendi (1989–1996)732–34
Angolan civil war732–33
Community of Portuguese Language Countries733, 734
Mozambican peace negotiations733
third pillar in Portugal’s post-revolutionary foreign policy identity734–35

posted workers’ scheme444

poverty rate493f, 493, 494t, 494, 501–2 See also income and wealth inequality; See also welfare state

premier-presidentialism123, 125–26, 132
consolidation and stability of128–29, 131, 132
COVID-19 pandemic, and131
financial crisis, and129–30
power of dissolution131–32

presidential parliamentarism123–25

presidentialism123

‘prime ministerialization’ of executive149–50, 154
bilateral meetings157
coordination structures157–61, 158t, 160t
Council of Junior Ministers154–55, 161
inner circles155–57, 156t, 161
institutional context150–54, 151t, 153f, 161

PM’s office157–59, 158t

prime ministers
profiles of341–44, 343t

privatization56–57

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)561

Project Fenix563

Project Turma Mais563

promissory representation377, 378f, 378–81, 380f

prosecution agency169–70

protests See social movements

public access to archives41

public administration197–98
absence of democratic values204–5
administrative state model199
‘Citizen Spaces’207
deliberative polls206
democratic governance198
democratization of civil society205
digital governance206–7
immediate aftermath of the Revolution200–1
Memorandum of Understanding203
merit-based systems197
mini-publics205–6
New Public Management201–3, 204, 208
institutional fragmentation202
New State regime197–98, 199–200, 208
performance and quality of service delivery204
Plan for the Reduction and Improvement of the Central Administration of the State203
public participation in the administration204–5
technological innovations and ICT, potential of207–8

public debt548, 549f, 549, 552, 646

public opinion, policy attention and381–82

public spending60–62, 61f, 66–67
education spending62
healthcare expenditure62
pensions62
spending structure61–62 See also income inequality

purges41

rationalist nationalism236

redistributive policies6

Regional Coordination and Development Commissions221

regional development policies215–16, 217

regional governance214, 216–17, 221

regulation of political parties See party regulation

religious commitment473

religious freedom475–78

remittances57

reparation mechanisms41–42

representation See political representation

right-wing parties115–16
centre-right102, 103–7, 112–14
Aliança Democrática105–6, 110
Atlântico112
Cavaco Silva as prime minister106
cavaquismo106–7
legacy of the authoritarian regime103–4
‘new blogging right’112
O Independente107, 594
far-right102, 107–12, 114–15
Frente Democrática Unida108–9, see also Centro Democrático e Social;, Chega;, Movimento de Acção Nacional;, Partido da Democracia Cristã;, Partido Nacional Renovador;, Partido Social Democrata

Rio, R.98, 113

robots626

Salazar, A. de O.39, 42, 44–45, 111, 157, 199–200, 309, 458, 648

Salazarism20–21

Sampaio, J.131–32, 344, 747

Sao Tome and Principe See Portuguese-African relations

schools See education

security and defence
defence industries751–52
Defence Technological and Industrial Base751
European Union749–50
future research754
maritime security752–53
NATO747–49
strategic framework744, 753–54
balance between different arenas746–47
National Strategic Defence Concept745–46
net security contributor, as746
post-colonial dimension745
United Nations750–51 See also civil-military relations

semi-presidentialism121–22, 123
cohabitation122
definition of123
dynamics of126–28, 129
premier-presidentialism123, 125–26, 132
consolidation and stability of128–29, 131, 132
COVID-19 pandemic, and131
financial crisis, and129–30
power of dissolution131–32
presidential parliamentarism123–25

Soares, M.22, 24, 26–27, 131–32, 474

social exclusion rate493f, 494–95, 501–2 See also income and wealth inequality

social movements457–58, 466–68
extreme right-wing movements466
history of
1980s and 1990s461–63
COVID-19 pandemic465–66
late-authoritarian period458–60
period of austerity463–64
post-austerity period464–66
‘revolutionary period’460–61
housing organizations465
labour movement461–62
student protests459, 463

‘sociotropic’ voting278

Sócrates, J.206–7, 264, 463, 480, 687, 688

Sousa, M. R. de131

Spínola, A. de21–23, 108–9, 460, 730

state crises18–19, 21, 22–23, 27

state feminism412–13

subnational governance212, 213–14, 216–18, 219–20
challenges for220–22
inter-municipal cooperation214, 221
municipal heterogeneity219 See also decentralization; See also local government

substantive representation412, 416–17

symbolic representation412

systems of government122
pure parliamentarism123
pure presidentialism123 See also semi-presidentialism

teachers See education

Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)567–68

third wave of democratization4, 18

three-dimensional (3D) printing627

trade unions424–25, 430
collective bargaining and industrial relations system532–35, 533f
confederations429–30
independent unions430
union density430
unionization
evolution of429t
gender equality409, 409f

‘transition by rupture’21

transitional justice (TJ) mechanisms40–42

Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)560–61

troika57, 230–31, 581–82, 650, 660, 683–84, 688, 689, 690

truth commissions41

unemployment protection508, 512–13, 531–32

unemployment rate536, 537f

UNITA732–33

United Nations (UN)750–51

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples78

Ventura, A.114–15, 314, 315

vocational education563–65, 564f

voter turnout See electoral turnout

voting behaviour
Catholic Church
voting preferences475
determinants of277, 287
ideology280
non-policy motivations280–81
party leader ratings280–81
performance evaluations277–79
policy positions of competing parties279–80
religion280
‘egotropic’ voting278
future research287
local government614
National Election Study (2019)281–83, 282f, 290t
nationalization of electoral politics276, 279, 283–87, 285t, 285f, 286f
politicization of the EU669, 674–77, 675f, 676f, 681t, 682t
‘sociotropic’ voting278

waiting times
healthcare577–78, 579, 580, 581, 583, 586

welfare state507
Catholic Church
role in welfare sector480–81
cost-containment strategy513, 514f, 514
development of6–7, 53, 60–61, 67, 510, 521–22
employment protection508, 510–11, 511f
future research522
income protection510
internal devaluation strategy, and512
key actors518
labour market deregulation, and510–12, 511f
long-term challenges522
model classification508–10
multilevel governance and partisanship518–20
non-health-related social expenditures508, 509f
origins of508
pension system508, 513
policy developments introduced after the end of the period of financial assistance515, 517f, 517
recalibration515, 516f
redistributive effect of520, 521f
targeted expansions of social protection514
unemployment protection508, 512–13

women
female employment rate6–7, 535–36, 536f
inclusion in the military764