List of Abbreviations

Assertional Box

Ambiguity Class

Australian Corpus of English; Automatic Content Evaluation

Association for Computational Linguistics

Alzheimer’s Disease

Adjective

Abstract Family of Languages

Artificial Intelligence

Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee

Augmented Multi-party Interaction

Abstract Meaning Representation

ANNOtation DIScursive

Associated Press

Application Programming Interface

Advanced Question and Answering for Intelligence

Advanced Research and Development Activity

Argument Modifier

Argument Modifier-Locative

Argument Modifier-Temporal

Advanced Research Projects Agency

Anaphora Resolution and Underspecification

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Automatic Speech Recognition; Automatic Speech Recognizer

Automatic Statistical SEmantic Role Tagger

American Telephone & Telegraph

Augmented Transition Network

Attribute-Value Matrix

Bay Area Rapid Transit

British Broadcasting Corporation

Brain–Computer Interface

Beliefs, Desires, and Intentions

Basic Elements

Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory with Conditional Random Fields

Biomedical Natural Language Processing

Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network

Bar-Ilan University Textual Entailment Engine

BiLateral Assessment of Noun-phrase Coreference

Bilingual Evaluation Understudy

Backward-Looking Function

Bayesian Multi-class Regression

Bavarian Motor Works

British National Corpus

Beginning Of Sentence

Bag of Words

Brigham Young University

Consonant/Consonantal (phonology)

Conversation Analysis; Correspondence Analysis

Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

Computer-Assisted Language Learning

Classification and Regression Trees

Computer-Aided Translation

Continuous Bag of Words

Combinatory Categorical Grammar

Collateralized Debt Obligations

Compositional Distributional Semantic Model

Constrained Entity-Alignment F-Measure

Conference on Email and Anti-Spam

Chief Executive Officer

Campagne d’Evaluation de Systèmes d’Acquisition des Ressources Terminologiques

Context-Free

Constraint Grammar

Confidence Interval

International Conference on Implementation and Application of Automata

Cambridge International Dictionary of English

International Committee for Documentation

Complex Interactive QA

Controlled Language

Cross-Language Indian Text Reuse

Cross-Language Alignment-based Similarity Analysis

Controlled Language Applications Workshop

Cross-Language Character NGram

Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum; Clinical E-Science Framework

Cross-Language Explicit Semantic Analysis

Cross-Language/Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval

Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection

Carnegie Mellon University

Chomsky Normal Form

Centre for Next Generation Localization

Controlled Natural Language

Convolutional Neural Network; Cable News Network

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

COllins Birmingham University International Language Database

Context-Oriented Clustering

Corpus of Contemporary American English

Common Objects in COntext

International Conference on Computational Linguistics

Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning

Convolution-Gated Recurrent Neural Network

COreference Resolution for Extracting Answers

Corpus Pattern Analysis

Central Processing Unit

Coherence Relation; Compression Ratio

Colorado Richly Annotated Full Text

Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual

Conditional Random Field

Conceptual Reference Mode

Context-Sensitive

Connectionist Temporal Classification

Conversational Telephone Speech

Cocke–Younger–Kasami

Dialogue Act Markup in Several Layers

Database of ANalysed Texts of English

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DataBasePedia

Dictionary Editing and Browsing

Determiner

Deterministic Finite-State Automaton/Automata

Dual Iterative Pattern Relation Expansion

Discovery of Inference Rules from Text

Dynamic Interpretation Theory

Dow Jones Industrial Average

Deep Learning; Description Logic

Distributed Language Translation

Disjunctive Normal Form

Deep Neural Network

Directory of Open Access Journals

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

Dynamic Predicate Logic

Discourse Representation Structure

Discourse Representation Theory

Digital Signal Processing; Discourse Segment Purpose

Deep Syntactic Structure

Determiner (POS tag)

Document Understanding Conference

European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards

European Association for Machine Translation–Controlled Language Applications Workshop

Example-Based Machine Translation

English as a Foreign Language

European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop

English Learner

Error Level Analysis

European Lexicographic Infrastructure

European Language Resource Association

English Language Teaching

Expectation Maximization

Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

European Network for Combining Language Learning with Crowdsourcing Techniques

Explicit Semantic Analysis

English as a Second Language

Extended Semantic Web Conference

Educational Testing Service

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

European Union

European Society for Phraseology

English Wikipedia

Food and Agriculture Organization

Frequently Asked Question

Fast Sentence

Financial Entity Identification and Information Integration

Future and Emerging Technologies

Flexible Language and Grammar

Fostering Language Resources Network

Forward-Looking Function

Frame Logic

Foundation Model of Anatomy

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

False Negative

Fake News Challenge

Formal Ontology in Information Systems

First-Order Predicate Logic

False Positive Rate

Finite-State Automaton/Automata

Finite-State Machine

Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing

Finite-State Transducer

General Architecture for Text Engineering

Grammatical Error Correction

Generalized Iterative Scaling

Generative Lexicon

Global Vectors for Word Representation

Corpus of Global Web-Based English

Geometric Mean

Gaussian Mixture Model

Gene Ontology

Geopolitical Entity

Grade Point Average

Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar

Graduate Record Exam

Gated Recurrent Unit

Genial Understander System

Global WordNet Association

Game with a Purpose

Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering

Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women in Twitter

Helsinki Finite-State Technology; Helsinki Finite-State Transducer

Human Intelligence Test

Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search

Human Language Technology–North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Hidden Markov Model

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar

Human-targeted Translation Edit Rate

HyperText Markup Language

Hapax-to-Vocabulary ratio

Inter-Annotator Agreement

Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity

InterActive Terminology for Europe

Instance-Based K-nearest Neighbour

International Business Machines

Information Content

International Classification of Diseases

Industrial Conference on Data Mining

In-Context Exact

Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Institutul de Cercetări pentru Inteligența Artificială)

International Corpus of Learner English

International Conference on Learning Representations

International Conference on Machine Learning

Inference in Computational Semantics

International Computer Science Institute

International Conference on Spoken Language Processing

International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media

Inverse Document Frequency

Information Extraction

Intelligent Essay Assessor

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Information Gain

International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence

Information Langue Ecrite et Signée

Inductive Logic Programming; Integer Linear Programming

International Machine Learning Society

Preposition (POS tag)

INitiative for the Evaluation of XML retrieval

Infinitive

International Natural Language Generation

Inside-Outside-Beginning

International Phonetic Alphabet

Information Retrieval

International Speech Communication Association

International Standard Musical Work Code

Information Technology

Institute of Biomedical Technologies

International Conference on Computational Semantics

International Conference on Parsing Technologies

International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation

Joint Information Systems Committee

Journal of Machine Learning Research

Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications

Knowledge Base Population

Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

Keyphrase Extraction Algorithm

Kenneth Language Model

Knowledge Interchange Format

Komet-Penman Multilingual

Knowledge Systems Laboratory

KeyWord In Context

Lexical Answer Type

Linear Bounded Automaton/Automata

Left Context

Lexical Conceptual Paradigm

Least Common Subsumer; Lexical Conceptual Structure

Linked Data

Linguistic Data Consortium

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

Linked Data on the Web

Lexicon Model for Ontology

Lexical Simplification for Spanish

Logical Form

Lexical Functional Grammar

Left-Hand Side

Last In, First Out

Laboratoire d’Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l’Ingénieur

Localization Industry Standards Association

Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count

Language Model

Large Number of Rare Events

Linked Open Data

Linear Prediction

Linear Predictive Coding

Language Resources and Evaluation Conference

Latent Semantic Analysis

Long Short-Term Memory

Letter-To-Sound

Light Verb Constructions

Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition

Language Variety Recognition

Latent Words Language Model

Multi-Annotator Competence Estimation

Maximum A Posteriori; Mean Average Precision

Megabyte(s)

MultiBand Resynthesis Overlap-Add

Myers–Briggs Type Indicator

Minimum Classification Error

Multi-Class Real Window

Mildly Context-Sensitive

Modal (POS tag)

Maximum Entropy

Macmillan English Dictionaries for Advanced Learners

Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online

Maximum Entropy Markov Model

Minimum Error Rate Training

Medical Subject Heading

Multilingual Europe Technology Alliance

Multilingual Europe Technology Alliance Network

Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit ORdering

Mel Frequency Cepstral

Most Frequent Sense

Multilingual Information Retrieval

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Machine Learning; Maximum Likelihood

Maximum Likelihood Estimation

Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression

Multi-Layer Perceptron

Markov Model

Maximum Mutual Information Estimation

Maximum Marginal Relevance

Measure of Software Similarity

Minimum Phone Error

Machine Readable Dictionary

Meeting Recorder Dialogue Act

Markov Random Field

Markov Random Field Language Model

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

Mean Reciprocal Rank

Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus

Machine Translation

Message Understanding Conference

Multiword Expression; Minimum Word Error

Noun

Necessary and Sufficient Condition

North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics–Human Language Technologies

National Centre for Text Mining

North American Industry Classification System

Nara Institute of Science and Technology

Naïve Bayes

Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain

Non-Deterministic Finite-state Automaton/Automata

Named Entity Recognition

Neural Information Processing System

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Natural Language

Natural Language Generation

Neurolinguistic Healthcare

Native Language Identification

National Library of Medicine

Natural Language Processing

Natural Language Toolkit

Neural Network; Noun (POS tag)

Plural Noun (POS tag)

New Oxford Dictionary of English

Noun Phrase

Non-deterministic Polynomial-time hard

Negative Polarity Item

Plural noun

National Science Foundation

Singular noun

NII Testbeds and Community for Information Access Research

Noun–Verb

New York University

Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English

Object

Optical Character Recognition

Oxford Dictionary of English

Oxford English Dictionary

Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media

Open Language Archives Community

Ontology Learning and Population

Ontology Matching

Out-Of-Vocabulary

Optimum Position Policy

Optimality Theory

One-Versus-All

Probably Approximately Correct

Pan-American Health Association

Pacific Asia Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Conference

Palo Alto Research Center

Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation

Principal Component Analysis

Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar

Probabilistic Context-Free Representational Underspecification

Pushdown Automaton/Automata

Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs

Portable Document Format; Probability Density Function

Project Essay Grade

Propositional First-Order Inductive Learner

Perverted Justice

Plural

Perceptual Linear Prediction

Pointwise Mutual Information

Pointwise Mutual Information and Information Retrieval algorithm

Partially Observable Markov Decision Process

Part of Speech

Personal Pronoun; Prepositional Phrase

Positive Pointwise Mutual Information

Predicate

Preposition

PRotein Ontology

Practical Simplification of English Text

Question Answering

Qualitative Data Analysis Program

Question Under Discussion

Reasoning, Attention, and Memory Workshop

Resolution of Anaphora Procedure

Rule-Based Machine Translation

Right Context

Relational Discourse Analysis

Resource Description Framework

Resource Description Framework Schema

Recursively Enumerable

Regular Language

Relevance Feedback

Right-Hand Side

Rule Interchange Format

Root Mean Square Propagation

Recurrent Neural Network

Receiver Operating Characteristic

Recall-Orientated Understudy for Gisting Evaluation

Retention Ratio

Rhetorical Structure Theory

Recognizing Textual Entailment

Recursive Transition Network

Sentence

Software-as-a-Service

Speaker-Adaptive Training

Statistical Barrier

Sentence Boundary Disambiguation

Synchronous Context-Free Grammar

Scientific Electronic Library Online

Summary Content Unit

System Development Corporation

Structured Discourse Representation Theory

Security Exchange Commission

Simplified English Grammar and Style Checker/Corrector

Semantic Analyser of Frame Representations

Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue

Semantic/Syntactic Extraction using Neural Network Architecture

Sentence Error Rate

Simple English Wikipedia

Systemic-Functional Grammar

Singular

Standard Industrial Classification

Special Interest Group on Linguistic Data and Corpus-based Approaches to Natural Language Processing

Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue

Special Interest Group on Finite-State Methods

Special Interest Group on Natural Language Generation

Special Interest Group on the Lexicon

Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology

Special Interest Group on Natural Language Learning

Special Interest Group on Parsing

Special Interest Group on Computational Semantics

Special Interest Group on Web as Corpus

Statistical Machine Translation

Social Network Analysis

Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine–Clinical Terms

Second-Order Attributes

Source Code Reuse Evaluation Exercise

Second-Order Co-occurrence Pointwise Mutual Information

Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language

Speech Processing Courses in Crete

Sound Pattern of English

Signal Processing Society

Stanford Question Answering Dataset

Semantic Research Assistant; Semantic Role Alignment

Semantic Role Labelling

Segmentation Rules eXchange

Salient Semantic Analysis

Structural Semantic Interconnection

Simplified Technical English

Speech-To-Text

Subject

Suggested Upper Merged Ontology

Singular Value Decomposition

Support Vector Machine

Switchboard Dialogue Act Markup in Several Layers

Semantic Web for E-Learning

Syntactic Simplification of Text for Aphasic Readers

System Analysis Translator

Text Analysis Conference

Tree-Adjoining Grammar

Traduction Automatique à l’Université de Montréal

Translation Automation User Society

Terminological Box

TermBase eXchange

Time Domain Pitch-Synchronous Overlap-Add

Translation Environment Tool

Translation Edit Rate

Temporal Expression Recognition and Normalization

Term Frequency

Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency

Time Markup Language

Translation Memory; Turing Machine

Terminology Management System

Translation Memory eXchange

to (POS tag)

Tones and Break Indices