
Contents
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Comparative Religious Regime Formation: State, Organized Religion, and Democracy Comparative Religious Regime Formation: State, Organized Religion, and Democracy
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Indonesia: The Making of a Secular-Dominant Regime in the Face of Powerful Islamism Indonesia: The Making of a Secular-Dominant Regime in the Face of Powerful Islamism
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Making of the Unitary State of the Republic and the Pluralist National Identity, Pancasila Making of the Unitary State of the Republic and the Pluralist National Identity, Pancasila
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Consolidation of Military Rule and Subordination of Religious Authority to the Secular State Consolidation of Military Rule and Subordination of Religious Authority to the Secular State
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Democratic Rule and Consolidation of the Secular Pluralist State Democratic Rule and Consolidation of the Secular Pluralist State
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Consolidated Democracy and Religious Conservatism Consolidated Democracy and Religious Conservatism
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Malaysia: Marriage of Ethnic and Religious Identity in the Established-Religion Regime Malaysia: Marriage of Ethnic and Religious Identity in the Established-Religion Regime
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Formation of the National Faith and Religious Authority under the Secular State Formation of the National Faith and Religious Authority under the Secular State
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Expansion and Centralization of Religious Authority under the Ethnic Party Regime Expansion and Centralization of Religious Authority under the Ethnic Party Regime
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Transition to Democracy and Growing Religious Nationalism and Conservatism Transition to Democracy and Growing Religious Nationalism and Conservatism
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Brunei: A Marriage of Political and Religious Authorities in the Making of a Religious Monarchy Brunei: A Marriage of Political and Religious Authorities in the Making of a Religious Monarchy
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Searching for Regime Survival: Political Origins of Religious Monarchy Searching for Regime Survival: Political Origins of Religious Monarchy
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Bureaucratization and Expansion of the National Religion and Ideology Bureaucratization and Expansion of the National Religion and Ideology
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Consolidation of Religious Monarchy under Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Consolidation of Religious Monarchy under Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Notes Notes
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References References
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28 Islamically Framed Mobilization in Tunisia Ansar al-Sharia in the Aftermath of the Arab Uprisings
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4 States, Religion, and Democracy in Southeast AsiaComparative Religious Regime Formation
Get accessKikue Hamayotsu, Northern Illinois University
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Published:08 October 2020
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Abstract
This chapter seeks to account for the political origins of “religious regimes”—institutional relations between political authority (a secular state) and clerical authority (organized religion)—through a comparative historical analysis of three Muslim-majority Southeast Asian nations: Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. Despite relatively similar historical, geopolitical, and sociocultural conditions—and against their original intentions—these three nations have established distinctive types of religious regimes since independence: secular-dominant (Indonesia), established-religion (Malaysia), and religious monarchy (Brunei). The chapter argues that the varying pathways adopted by these three nations are the result of state formation, specifically the ways in which secular political elites pursued and consolidated their state powers and domination during post-independence institution-building. Moreover, the chapter’s comparative analysis suggests that the type of—and timing of—religious regime formation is essential to account for the ability and willingness of late-developing democracies such as Indonesia and Malaysia to protect basic civil rights and freedom of religious (and nonreligious) communities and people. In contrast to Christian-dominant Europe, where mostly secular regimes were formed concomitantly to facilitate democratic transition and consolidation, late-developing Muslim democracies have seen the consolidation of religious regimes prior to the formation of modern state and popular democratic movements and consolidation. As a result, late-developing Muslim democracies have tended to see more aggressive religious authorities contesting and complicating the trajectories of democratic consolidation.
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