
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Classic Definition of Moderation Classic Definition of Moderation
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Graphs of Interaction Effects Graphs of Interaction Effects
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Traditional (Non-Latent) Approaches for Observed Variables Traditional (Non-Latent) Approaches for Observed Variables
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Interactions between Categorical Variables: Analysis of Variance Interactions between Categorical Variables: Analysis of Variance
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Interactions With One Categorical Variable: Separate Group Multiple Regression Interactions With One Categorical Variable: Separate Group Multiple Regression
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Interactions With Continuous Variables: Moderated Multiple Regression Approaches Interactions With Continuous Variables: Moderated Multiple Regression Approaches
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Summary of Traditional (Non-Latent) Approaches to Interaction Effects Summary of Traditional (Non-Latent) Approaches to Interaction Effects
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Latent Variable Approaches to Tests of Interaction Effects Latent Variable Approaches to Tests of Interaction Effects
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Multiple Group Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Interaction Multiple Group Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Interaction
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Structural Equation Models with Product Indicators Structural Equation Models with Product Indicators
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Distribution-Analytic Approaches Distribution-Analytic Approaches
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Summary of Latent-Variable Approaches to Interaction Effects Summary of Latent-Variable Approaches to Interaction Effects
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Summary Summary
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Limitations and Directions for Further Research Limitations and Directions for Further Research
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Quadratic Effects: Confounding Nonlinear and Interaction Effects Quadratic Effects: Confounding Nonlinear and Interaction Effects
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Moderation versus Mediation and the Role of Causal Ordering Moderation versus Mediation and the Role of Causal Ordering
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Interactions with More Than Two Continuous Variables Interactions with More Than Two Continuous Variables
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Tests of Measurement Invariance Tests of Measurement Invariance
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Multilevel Designs and Clustered Samples Multilevel Designs and Clustered Samples
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Author Note Author Note
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Note Note
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References References
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17 Moderation
Get accessInstitute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University
Kit-Tai Hau, Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Zhonglin Wen, South China Normal University
Benjamin Nagengast, Department of Education, Oxford University
Alexandre J.S. Morin, Department of Psychology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Published:01 October 2013
Cite
Abstract
Moderation (or interaction) occurs when the strength or direction of the effect of a predictor variable on an outcome variable varies as a function of the values of another variable, called a moderator. Moderation effects address critical questions, such as under what circumstances, or for what sort of individuals, does an intervention have a stronger or weaker effect? Moderation can have important theoretical, substantive, and policy implications. Especially in psychology with its emphasis on individual differences, many theoretical models explicitly posit interaction effects. Nevertheless, particularly in applied research, even interactions hypothesized on the basis of strong theory and good intuition are typically small, nonsignificant, or not easily replicated. Part of the problem is that applied researchers often do not know how to test interaction effects, as statistical best practice is still evolving and often not followed. Also, tests of interactions frequently lack power so that meaningfully large interaction effects are not statistically significant. In this chapter we provide an intuitive overview to the issues involved, recent developments in how best to test for interactions, and some directions that further research is likely to take.
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