The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory
Published online:
28 December 2012
Published in print:
23 November 2012
Online ISBN:
9780199971077
Print ISBN:
9780199747238
Contents
End Matter
Index
-
Published:November 2012
Annotate
Cite
'Index', in Francis T. Cullen, and Pamela Wilcox (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory, Oxford Handbooks (2012; online edn, Oxford Academic, 28 Dec. 2012), https://doi.org/, accessed 16 May 2025.
Subject
Criminology and Criminal Justice
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection:
Oxford Handbooks Online
709Index
- Accounts (technique)483
- Acquiring resources See ORCA
- Action Plan (Finland)480
- Action stage of change219
- Add Health See National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
- Additive genetic influences49
- Adolescent Girl in Conflict, The (Konopka)297
- Adolescents See also Peer networks; See also Youth
- birth complication effects in31
- brain development in17
- hormonal imbalances in30
- IQ and antisocial behavior in26
- prenatal influences and31
- risk factors and crime89–109 ( See also Risk factors
- romantic relationships and crime269–70
- social support and170–71
- Afghanistan616
- Age See also Developmental/life-course criminology; See also Life course
- genetic influences and23
- reconsidering impact on desistance213–14
- risk factors for crime and97(table), 101–3(table)
- “Age and the Explanation of Crime” (Hirschi and Gottfredson)131
- Agentic strains319
- Aggregate-level guardianship517–18
- Aggregate-level place theories555
- Aggression
- genetic factors in23–24
- neurotransmitter dysfunction and30
- psychophysiology of27–29
- social support theory on175
- testosterone and30
- Aigner, Stephen M.298
- Aigner-Clark, Julie40
- Ainslie, George667
- Alarid, Leanne Fiftal303
- Alcohol use See also Substance abuse
- maternal175
- the proletariat and428
- as a risk factor for crime96
- social support vs.169
- street crime and466
- Aldridge, Judith284–85
- Altheimer, Irshad178(table), 179
- Ambiguity aversion664–65
- Anchor location664
- Ancrum, Craig436
- Anomie theory160, 411, 429, 430. See also Institutional-anomie theory
- Antisocial behavior
- biological factors in22
- developmental/life-course criminology on230
- developmental model of125–27
- gender differences in30
- hormonal imbalances and29–30
- intelligence and26–27
- neurotransmitter dysfunction and30
- parenting role in44
- pathway to reactive243
- prenatal influences and31
- psychology of criminal conduct on78
- psychophysiology of27–29
- Antisocial potential (AP)232–37, 243. See also Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential theory
- Antonaccio, Olena434
- Apaches (gang)275
- Apel, Robert525
- Apgar scores31
- Arseneault, Louise32
- Arson30
- Asbury, Herbert275, 276(table)
- Asians175
- Assault
- gender differences in294
- neighborhood ties and339
- peer networks and264
- rise in415
- social institutions and415
- structural inequality and356
- target search theory on543
- Assertion training74
- Assumed similarity263
- Athens, Lonnie H.611
- Atlanta, Georgia390, 448. See also Central West Atlanta
- Attachment, family/parental50, 51, 52(figure), 53(figure), 54, 56, 135, 170, 316
- Atypical frontal asymmetry29
- Augustyn, Megan B.300
- Aussiedler283–84
- Austin, James674
- Australia479
- Authoritarian parents44
- Authoritative parents44
- Auto theft See Motor vehicle theft
- Baby boomers618
- Baby Einstein series40
- Ball, Richard A.305
- Baltimore, Maryland701
- Bank robbery544–45
- Barkow, Jerome H.46
- Baron, Stephen W.612
- Bartusch, Dawn374
- Baumer, Eric P.379
- Baumrind, Diana44
- Beaver, Kevin17
- Becker, Gary655
- Behavioral economics theory666
- Behavioral rehearsal74
- Belief bond316
- Bell, Kerryn E.303
- Benford, Robert D.382
- Benson, Michael L.227
- Berkowitz, Leonard156
- Berlin Wall, fall of282
- Berman, Mitchell E.30
- Bernard, Thomas J.315
- Bianchi, Suzanne M.40–41
- Big Four risk factors for recidivism123–24
- Bing, Leon276(table)
- Bin Laden, Osama571
- Biocentric view of green crime631
- Biology22–33. See also Early health risks; See also Genetics; See also Hormonal imbalances; See also Neuroimaging; See also Neuropsychology; See also Neurotransmitter dysfunction; See also Psychophysiology
- Biosocial criminology5–65. See also Biology; See also Lombroso, Cesare; See also Parents
- Biosocial Criminology Research Group17–18
- Black Kings (gang)281
- Blackwater616
- Blau, Peter M.356
- Block, Richard587
- Blom, Martine232
- Boccardi, Marina24
- Body mass index (BMI)15
- Bolland, John526
- Bourgeoisie428
- Bourgois, Phillipe391
- Bowling, Benjamin211–12
- Boyd, Rebecca J.174(table), 175
- Braga, Anthony A.557
- Brain
- evolution and structure of496–98
- Lombroso on10–11
- prenatal/infancy development of168–69
- triune system of497
- Brain imaging See Neuroimaging
- Braman, Donald697
- Brennan, Patricia A.32
- Brisbane, Australia340
- British Columbia538
- Britt, Chester592
- Brotherton, David C.286
- Buck v. Bell13
- Buerger, Michael E.560
- Buffalo, New York699
- Bulgaria418
- Burchfield, Keri B.340–41
- Burglary462
- choosing to commit470
- crime places/place management and562
- in former Soviet Union408
- perceptual deterrence theory on661
- rise in415
- social institutions and415
- Burma635
- Burn, Shawn Meghan342
- Burrow, John D.525
- Bystander intervention342
- CAI. See Client Assessment Inventory
- Callous-unemotional traits30
- Cambodia635
- Cameroon635
- Campbell, Anne276(table), 280–81, 297, 305, 306
- Canada, Geoffrey152
- Canadian Urban Victimization Survey591
- Cancer, social support and162
- Cao, Liqun178(table), 179
- Cap and trade570
- Capitalism426–30. See also Market economy
- degree of and crime433–34
- epochal shift from industrial to consumer436
- Capital punishment17
- Carleton University118
- Carr, Patrick341
- Carroll, Leo527
- Casey, Teresa269
- Cauffman, Elizabeth304
- Causal risk factors91
- Cavum septum pellucidum25
- CCLS. See Criminal Career and Life-Course Study
- Celerity of punishment See Punishment, celerity of
- Central America286–87
- Central Eight risk factors for recidivism123–24
- Certainty of punishment See Punishment, certainty of
- Cesarean section31
- CEST. See Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment
- Challenger (space shuttle)503–5
- Chamlin, Mitchell B.176, 177(table), 178(table), 179, 180
- Chan, Siu-Ching25
- Charlotte, North Carolina448
- Chassin, Laurie174(table), 175
- Chesney-Lind, Meda276(table), 319, 321
- Chicago Area Projects (CAP)345
- Children See also Adolescents; See also Infancy; See also Parents; See also Youth
- hormonal imbalances in30
- IQ and antisocial behavior in26
- market economy impact on429
- prenatal influences and31
- risk factors and crime89–109 ( See also Risk factors
- self-control development in169–70
- social support and169–70
- Chin, Ko-Lin276(table)
- Choice461–510. See also Emotions; See also Rational choice theory; See also Street crime; See also White-collar crime
- Christie, Nils346–47
- Chula Vista, California568–69
- Circumstances, Motivation, and Readiness (CMR) scales217
- City Gangs (Miller)279
- Civilizing process413
- Civil Rights legislation618
- Clark, Robert E.14
- Classical conditioning119
- Clean Air Act (CAA)633
- Client Assessment Inventory (CAI)217
- Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment (CEST)217
- Clinard, Marshall B.484
- Cloward, Richard A.154
- Clubb, Audrey C.555
- CMR scales See Circumstances, Motivation, and Readiness scales
- Cocaine391
- Coccaro, Emil F.30
- Cochran, John K.176, 177(table)
- Code of the suburb389–401
- averting serious retaliation399
- conflict management and392–99
- defined391
- described391–92
- principles of391
- study data390–91
- Coercion theory118, 125–27, 128. See also Differential coercion theory
- Coercive exchanges44
- Coercive Family Process (Patterson)125
- Coercive mobility thesis612, 691–704
- on concentration of incarceration696–98
- description of694–96
- on prison cycling and crime698–703
- Coercive power608
- Coercive strain612
- Coleman, James S.348
- Colletti, Patrick24
- Colors (film)616
- Columbia University164
- Columbus, Ohio281
- Comfort spaces571
- Command economies418
- Commensalism514–15
- Commercial robbery557
- Commitment bond316
- Communal strains319
- Communities333–402. See also Code of the suburb; See also Neighborhood social ties; See also Street culture; See also Structural inequality
- incarceration impact on694–704
- qualitative studies of crime in declining436–37
- Communities That Care109
- Concentration effects356
- Condemnation scripts211
- Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, The (Engels)426–27
- “Conflict” timber635
- Consumer sentiment416–17
- Containment theory76
- Contemplation stage of change219
- Contexts (journal)449
- Contingency principle120
- Controlling access See ORCA
- Control theories131–41, 405, 429. See also Power-control theory; See also Self-control theory; See also Social control theory
- general strain theory and156
- ICAP theory and232
- Convergent settings570–71
- Cornish, Derek B.545
- Correctional system See also Criminal justice system
- desistance research and216–18
- social support theory on167
- Corrupt spots571
- Cosmides, Leda46
- Coyle, Marcia637
- Crack cocaine445
- CRAVED (Concealable, Removable, Available, Valuable, Enjoyable, Disposable)517
- Credit default options479
- Cressey, Donald76
- Crime: Its Causes and Remedies (Lombroso)8
- Crime and Human Nature (Wilson and Herrnstein)16
- Crime concentrations559–60
- Crime enablers566
- Crime events580
- Crime-facilitative culture482–83
- Crime pattern theory536, 537–43, 546, 547, 548
- on crime places562
- factors structuring opportunities and events537–43
- fundamental assumptions of537
- Crime places554–74. See also Place management; See also Pooled places; See also Proprietary places; See also Proximal places
- Crime scripting545
- Crime sites570, 571(table)
- Crimes of passion10
- Crime triangle563, 564(table)
- Criminal Career and Life-Course Study (CCLS)192
- Criminal events535–36, 579, 580, 584. See also Information-led target searches; See also Opportunistic discoveries; See also Proximity events; See also Purposive target searches
- factors that structure537–43
- need for additional research on595
- Criminality and Economic Conditions (Bonger)427–30
- Criminal justice system See also Correctional system
- coercion in615
- green criminology and638–40
- informal social control and344–47
- perceptual deterrence theory on650
- Criminal self-efficacy468
- Criminogenic strain166
- Criminology (journal)126
- Crips (gang)286
- Crosnoe, Robert299
- Crowther, Simon342
- Crutchfield, Robert D.699
- Cullen, Francis T.76, 123, 161, 163, 164–68, 170, 172, 173(table), 180, 227, 315, 346, 594, 595, 610, 611, 612, 680, 681, 685–86
- Cultural deficits374
- Cultural repertoire381–82
- Cultural retaliatory homicides379
- Cultural social isolation See Social isolation
- Culture
- crime-facilitative482–83
- defined407
- fragmented382
- street See Street culture
- Culture of poverty thesis376
- Curbstone counselors345
- Current Population Survey451
- Curry, Glen D.305
- Cyberlifestyle-routine activity theory518
- Czechoslovakia418
- Daigle, Leah E.168–69
- Damasio, Antonio R.28
- Darley, John342
- Davidson, Elizabeth L.527
- Davidson, William S., III77
- Davies, Mark265
- Dayton, Ohio568
- Decision frames216
- Deeley, Quinton25
- Defiance theory496
- DeFronzo, James176, 177(table)
- Delayed deterrence217
- DeLeon-Granados, William347
- Delinquency
- early and late starters127
- gender differences in313–25
- peer networks and See Peer networks
- prenatal influences and31
- risk factors/predictors95–107
- routine activity theory on526
- social learning theory on124–27
- DeLisi, Matt17
- Demography (journal)195
- Denver Youth Study662
- Derivatives trading479
- Deterrence theory See also Perceptual deterrence theory
- on immigration and crime445
- psychology of criminal conduct and75–76
- Developmental/life-course criminology (DLC)226–46. See also Developmental pathways; See also Developmental perspective; See also Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential; See also Life course
- policy implications244
- three main topics of concern227
- what is known229–31
- what needs to be known231–32
- Developmental pathways227–28, 233, 237–43, 245–46
- defined227
- to reactive antisocial behavior243
- specific aspects of241–43
- studying237–39
- Developmental sequences227
- Developmental trajectories227
- Developmental types227
- Devine, Joel A.178(table)
- Dhondt, Geert700
- DiClemente, Carlo C.206
- Differential association-reinforcement theory118
- Differential association theory14, 15, 429
- control theories and134
- on delinquency in girls298
- on incarceration676–77
- social support theory compared with160
- Differential reinforcement theory260
- Diffuse responsibility, place managers with564–65
- Diffusion hypothesis502
- Diffusion of benefits561
- Direct informal social control343–44
- Directional bias538
- Disapproval, parental50, 53(figure), 54, 55(figure), 56
- Dishion, Thomas J.126
- Displacement of criminal activities561
- Distance and criminal events538
- District of Columbia697
- Dopamine25
- Dornbusch, Sanford M.299
- Drakulich, Kevin699
- Drass, Kenneth A.418
- Drennon-Gala, Don164, 173(table)
- Drug dealing143, 382, 468, 617
- choosing to commit470
- code of the suburb and389–401 ( See also Code of the suburb
- Drug use See also Substance abuse
- coercive response to616–17
- peer networks and264
- psychophysiology of offenders29
- street crime and466
- Dunedin study229
- Dunphy, Dexter264
- Early starters127
- Earnhart, Dietrich633–34
- Ecocentric view of green crime631
- Ecological contextualism theories92
- Economy416–18, 420, 608, 617–18. See also Command economies; See also Market economy
- Ecstasy (drug)391
- Eddy, J. Mark125
- Education See School and education
- Edward I, King627
- Effect sizes
- 18th Street (gang)286
- 80-20 rule560
- Elliott, Delbert S.339
- Ellis, Lee16
- El Salvador287
- Emotional contagion502–3
- Emotions494–507. See also specific emotions
- crime, criminological theory, and495–500
- evolution and biology of496–98
- gender, delinquency, and319–21
- social behavior influenced by501–5
- social construction of500
- Empirical studies
- of differential coercion theory611–13
- of general multilevel opportunity theory586–93
- of general strain theory149–53
- of incarceration effects679–81
- of life-course-persistent offenders192–97
- of market economy effects432–37
- of neighborhood ties and crime338–44
- of social support theory172–80
- of street culture378–80
- Employment231, 466–67. See also Unemployment
- as a risk factor for crime91
- Endocrine disruptors (EDs)637–38
- England524, 588. See also United Kingdom/Great Britain
- Environmental crime See Green criminology
- Environmental design theory567, 579, 592, 593, 597n, 2
- on crime patterns by levels of analysis582–83(table)
- summary of581
- Environmental justice636–38
- Erickson, Kristan Glasgow299
- Escalation models238
- Ethical flexibility486
- Ethnicity See Race/ethnicity
- Ethnographic studies See also Gang ethnographies
- on street culture381
- Etiological theories405
- Etzioni, Amitai608
- Eugenics13
- Eurogang Paradox285
- Eurogang Research Group289
- Europe See also Central Europe; See also Eastern Europe
- social welfare policies of435
- European Social Survey478
- European Union447
- Ewing, Robert G.447
- Experimenters242
- Extreme Event Theory53
- Facilitating hardware470
- Facilities, crime concentration within groups of560–61
- Falcone, David636
- Families See also Parents
- declining legitimacy of415–16
- ICAP theory on235
- risk factors for crime in90, 92, 93, 99–100, 101(table), 102(table), 103(table), 104, 105(table), 106, 107, 108, 230, 235
- social learning theory on124–27
- social support theory on165
- structural inequality and358
- Farrall, Stephen211–12
- Farruggia, Susan P.304
- Fear499
- Feixa, Carles286
- Felmlee, Diane301–2
- Females See also Gender; See also Girls
- antisocial behavior in30
- executive function deficits in27
- Hispanic307
- market economy and428–29
- street crime and468
- Finland480
- Fleisher, Mark276(table)
- Focal child46–47
- Focal concerns374
- Fornango, Robert395
- Fox, Robert J.305
- Fragmented culture382
- Frazee, Sharon G.527
- Freilich, Joshua D.526
- Fremont Hustlers (gang)281
- Freng, Adrienne526
- Freud, Sigmund116
- Frick, Paul J.240
- Friends See Peers
- Friendship networks See Peer networks
- Fromm, Erich430
- Frontal cortex24
- Furfey, Paul H.275
- Gaia Theory631
- Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.)294
- Gangsta-rap genre150
- Gang transmission See Cultural transmission
- Garland, David672
- Garofalo, James516
- Garrett, Carol J.77
- Gartin, Patrick R.560
- Gartner, Rosemary178(table)
- GCM. See Growth curve model
- Geerken, Michael R.656–57
- Gender See also Females; See also Girls; See also Males
- crime rates and294
- delinquency and313–25 (, Delinquency
- Gender entrapment303
- General deterrence650. See also Perceptual deterrence theory
- Generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution52–56
- General multilevel opportunity theory579–97
- empirical evidence on586–93
- implications and future directions593–96
- theoretical propositions of584–86
- General Population Survey41
- General responsivity principle76, 79, 123. See also Risk, need, and responsivity framework
- General Social Survey440
- Genoa, Italy287
- Genocide635
- Ghazarian, Sharon R.174(table)
- “Ghetto-related” cultural models376
- Gibbs, Jack P.655
- Gibbs, Lori307
- Gibson, Chris L.563
- Gibson, Mary18
- Gini Index of Inequality434
- Girls See also Females; See also Gender
- developmental pathways in externalizing behaviors242
- incarceration of699
- Native American301
- parental control and48
- peers, delinquency, and267, 294–307, 322–23 (, Delinquency
- Glasgow Gang Observed, A (Patrick)282
- Global positioning systems (GPS)559
- Global warming628
- Goddard, Henry H.43
- Godsey, Timothy W.178(table), 179
- Goffman, Erving397
- Goldstein, Herman569
- Goldweber, Asha304
- Goring, Charles116
- Gorman-Smith, Deborah242
- Goto, Sharon G.172, 173(table), 175–76
- Gottfredson, Michael R.16, 17, 131, 132–33, 136–37, 138, 139, 140, 169–70, 259, 265, 266, 314, 315, 516
- Gould, Kenneth634
- Gove, Walter R.656–57
- Graig, Michael C.24
- Granovetter, Mark270
- Grant, Don S., II177(table)
- G.R.E.A.T. See Gang Resistance Education and Training
- Great Britain See United Kingdom/Great Britain
- Great Depression674
- Great Society legislation618
- Greece431
- Green criminology625–40
- criminal justice policy and practice and638–40
- definition of629–30
- ecological victims630–31
- environmental justice and636–38
- importance of626–27
- invention of626–30
- rationale and background627–29
- types of crimes632–36
- victims and varieties of630–31
- Groff, Elizabeth R.555
- Group offending501–5
- GTM. See Group trajectory method
- Guardians563, 564(table), 595
- Guardianship515, 516, 521–22, 528, 529, 587, 589, 590, 591, 593
- aggregate-level517–18
- individual-level517–18
- intensity of522
- personal592
- Guerette, Rob T.560
- Gumbel, Emil Julius53
- Guthrie, Edwin R.74
- Gypsies10
- Habitus215
- Hackler, James C.343
- Haden, Sara C.173(table), 175
- Hagedorn, John M.276(table), 280
- Hague, The287
- Hall, Steve436
- Hallsworth, Simon285
- Hallucinogenic mushrooms391
- Halsey, Mark631
- Hammer, Matthew571
- Han, Chen-Bo24
- Handlers563, 564(table), 595
- Handley, Elizabeth A.174(table), 175
- Hannerz, Ulf381–82
- Hannon, Lance176, 177(table), 699, 701, 703
- Harding, David J.383
- Hardy, George504
- Harvard Business Review484
- Hawley, Amos514–15
- Hayslett-McCall, Karen L.315
- Head size15, 16. See also Phrenology
- Healy, Deidre209
- Henggeler, Scott128
- Henson, Billy518
- Heritability See Genetics
- Hewitt, John D.611
- 5-HIAA. See 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
- Higgins, George E.174(table), 175
- Hipp, John R.700–701
- Hirono, Nobutsugu25
- Hirschi, Travis16, 17, 131–41, 169–70, 259–60, 261, 265, 266, 269, 314, 315, 316, 676
- citations of work131
- HIV699
- Ho, Kwai-Yiu343
- Hoefnagels, Cees173(table), 176
- Holland, Jan, 701
- Hollis-Peel, Meghan521
- Homicide143, 374
- cultural retaliatory379
- decline in413–14
- domestic543
- immigration and449
- institutional-anomie theory and411–13
- Lombroso on10
- neighborhood ties and340
- neurological features of offenders17
- neurotransmitter dysfunction and30
- rise in415
- social support theory on179
- street culture and379
- target search theory on543
- Honaker, David466
- Hopelessness153
- Horiuchi, Shiro195
- Horowitz, Carl F.451
- Horowitz, Ruth276(table), 375
- Hot spot models559
- Huesmann, L. Rowell44
- Hughes, Loraine A.348
- Hughes, Michael527
- Huizinga, David662–63
- Hull, Clark L.74
- Human development index179
- Human ecology514–15
- Human Genome Project17
- Hungary418
- Hunt, Geoffrey276(table), 304
- Hunt, Scott A.562
- Hureau, David M.557
- 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)30
- Hyperbolic discount function667
- Hypothalamus498
- IAT. See Institutional-anomie theory
- ICAP theory See Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential theory
- Iceland478
- Identity transformations216
- Ikäheimo, Pauliina15
- Immigration440–53
- arguments for crime increase and443–45
- data challenges and study limitations450–52
- theory testing on crime relationship442–46
- Imprisonment See Incarceration
- In a Different Voice (Gilligan)303
- Incarceration672–86
- coercive mobility thesis on691–704 ( See also Coercive mobility thesis
- competing views of674–79
- concentration of696–98
- eco-friendly design principles and640
- empirical effects of679–81
- immigration and447–48
- policy implications of research683–86
- prison cycling and698–703
- public safety and costs683–84
- reentry programs684–85
- theoretical implications of research682
- Index of Consumer Sentiment (ICS)417
- Indirect informal social control343–44
- Individual-level guardianship517–18
- Individual risk factors
- for crime92–93, 98–99(table), 101–3(table), 104, 105(table), 106
- for early onset of offending230
- Industrial revolution627–28
- Inequality, economic434–35. See also Structural inequality
- Inertia517
- Informal social control164, 166, 693, 696
- age and213
- direct343–44
- general multilevel opportunity theory on591
- immigrants and444
- indirect343–44
- neighborhood ties and333–48 ( See also Neighborhood social ties
- place management and562
- Insanity11. See also Moral insanity
- Insiders542
- Institutionalized social action409
- Intelligence-led target searches See Information-led target searches
- Intergenerational closure348
- Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, An (Bentham)654
- Iowa298
- IQ. See Intelligence/IQ
- Iraq616
- Irish immigrants275
- Iron law of troublesome places560
- Irvin, John674
- Italian corner boys279
- Italian immigrants275
- Jackson, Pamela527
- Jaffee, Sara R.44
- Janowitz, Morris336
- Jansyn, Leon R., Jr.276(table)
- Japan478
- Jarjoura, Roger G.590–91
- Jerrett, Michael632
- Jiang, Shanhe173(table)
- Joe, Karen276(table)
- Jones, Stephen303
- Journey to crime541–42
- Juffer, Femmie57
- Juke family10
- Juvenile delinquency See Delinquency
- Kandel, Denise265
- Kandel, Elizabeth S.32
- Kansas633
- Kansas City281
- Kasarda, John D.336
- Keenan, Kate242–43
- Kerr, Margaret48
- Kibbutz57
- Killias, Martin680
- Kim, Haeryun174(table), 175
- Kim, Haesung174(table), 175
- Kim, Sang-Weon178(table), 179
- Kim, Tia E.172, 173(table), 175–76
- Kingston, Jamaica285
- Kleemans, Edward R.232
- Klein, Malcolm W.276(table), 279, 285
- Knecht, Andrea269
- “Knifing off” of behavior patterns216
- Kobrin, Solomon373
- Konopka, Gisela297
- Koverola, Catherine173(table)
- Krohn, Marvin D.165
- Kuhn, Thomas69
- Laidler, Karen A. J.304
- Land pollution See Air, land, and water pollution
- Lasley, James R.525
- Las Vegas, Nevada448
- Latane, Bibb342
- Latessa, Edward J.82
- Late starters127
- Latin Kings (gang)286
- Latinos See Hispanics/Latinos
- Laub, John H.166, 171, 189, 190, 191–92, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199–200, 201, 205, 208, 210, 213, 215, 218, 229, 676, 677
- Lauderback, David277(table)
- Lauritsen, Janet L.294
- Lavelle, Marianne637
- Law of contiguity74
- Lead exposure637
- Learning theories405, 638. See also Differential association theory; See also Social learning theory
- on emotions496
- ICAP theory and232
- LeBlanc, Adrian Nicole697
- Lee, Tatia M.25
- Lemert, Edwin465
- Level of Service Inventory (LSI)72
- Levin, Yale14
- Levine, Mark342
- Lewis, Alfred Henry275
- Liberia635
- Liedka, Raymond V.702
- Life course189–252, 595. See also Developmental/life-course criminology; See also Life-course-persistent offenders
- “Life-Course Desisters?” (Sampson and Laub)190
- Life-course-persistent offenders189–202, 205, 227, 261
- conceptual clarification197–98
- empirical challenges to identifying192–97
- evidence on191–92
- Life expectancy195
- Lifestyle-routine activities theory516, 518, 522, 523, 524, 525, 529, 530, 579, 592, 593
- on crime patterns by levels of analysis582–83(table)
- summary of581
- Limited access orders414
- Lindesmith, Alfred14
- Link, Bruce164
- Listwan, Shelley Johnson612
- Lofland, John467
- Logan, Charles H.655
- Logging, illegal See Timber crimes
- Lombroso, Cesare5–19, 116, 429
- biosocial criminology and15–18
- death of13
- motivations and interests of7–8
- reconsidering theory of12–13
- response of fellow criminologists to13–15
- Lonardo, Robert269
- Longitudinal studies
- on developmental/life-course criminology228–29
- Lösel, Friedrich78
- Low birth weight31
- Lowenkamp, Christopher T.81–82, 177(table)
- LSD391
- LSI. See Level of Service Inventory
- LSI-R. See Level of Service Inventory-Revised
- Luykx, Floor527
- Lynch, Michael J.637
- McBroom, James340
- McCord, Joan16
- McGloin, Jean Marie300
- McGuire, Connie M.287
- McGuire, James76
- McKay, Henry D.117, 278, 280, 333–34, 335–36, 345–46, 372–73, 375, 380, 383, 555, 571–72, 692, 693, 694
- MacKenzie, Doris80–81
- MacLean, Paul D.497
- Macro-level studies
- on differential association theory117
- on psychology of criminal conduct69
- on violence152
- Maier, Pamela A.527
- Maintenance stage of change219–20
- Makarios, Matthew D.227
- Malnutrition30
- Manasse, Michelle304
- Manchester, Britain287
- Mara Salvatrucha (gang)286
- Market economy410, 418, 424–38
- classic perspectives on426–30
- crime, community, and430–32
- empirical support for effects of432–37
- white-collar crime and479–80
- Markowitz, Fred374
- Mark-to-market accounting procedures479
- Martinez, Ramiro, Jr.177(table), 440, 446, 447, 449
- Marxism614
- Materialist fallacy357
- Maturation213–14
- Mazerolle, Lorraine339–40
- Meadows, Sarah O.174(table), 175
- Media616
- Medina, Juanjo284–85
- Mednick, Sarnoff A.32
- Meesters, Cor173(table), 176
- Meisenhelder, Thomas215
- Meithe, Terance D.519
- Memoryless processes201
- Menjivar, Cecilia452
- Meta-analysis
- of executive function deficits27
- of externalizing behaviors239
- of 5-HIAA and antisocial behavior30
- of social learning theory128
- of Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancy26
- Mexico451–52
- Miami, Florida448
- Micro-environments48
- Micro-level studies
- on differential association theory117
- on psychology of criminal conduct69
- on violence152
- Milkie, Melissa A.40–41
- Miller, Eleanor M.303
- Miller, Lisa L.340
- Miller, Martin G.298
- Miller, Walter B.276(table), 279, 288, 374, 375
- Milwaukee, Wisconsin281
- Mimicry502–3
- Mitchell, Nick211
- Modeling therapy74
- Mode of production427
- Molecular genetics23
- Monitoring the Future294
- Monti, Daniel J.277(table)
- Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental study229
- Moody, James267–68
- Moore, Joan277(table), 280, 306
- Moore, Todd M.30
- Moral choices419
- Morash, Merry298
- Morton Thiokol (company)504–5
- Motivated opportunism469
- Motor vehicle theft
- choosing to commit470
- crime pattern theory on540
- developmental/life-course criminology on226
- neighborhood ties and338
- routine activity theory on527
- structural inequality and359
- Mountaintop removal (MTR) mining637
- MS-13 (gang)286
- Mullins, Christopher W.325
- Mulloy, Lawrence504
- Multilevel criminal opportunity See General multilevel opportunity theory
- Naples, Mitchell211
- Narrative literature reviews77
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)504–5
- National Crime Victimization Survey627
- National Forest System635
- National Institute of Mental Health125
- National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health)661
- National Survey of Families and Households172
- Native American girls301
- Natural states414
- Need/drive reduction theory74
- Need principle76, 79, 80, 123. See also Risk, need, and responsivity framework
- Negative discount rate660
- Negative valence499
- “Neglected Approach to Deterrence Research, A” (Waldo and Chiricos)656
- Negotiated coexistence framework342
- Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimensions of Effective Community Control (Bursik and Grasmick)693
- Neighborhood social ties333–48
- empirical findings on338–44
- structural inequality and359
- theory, justice models, and relevance of344–47
- Neighborhood watch programs167
- Neo-behaviorist theories74
- Neocortex497–98
- Neomammalian complex of the brain497
- Nesovic, Aleksandra81
- Network closure348
- Neural pathways169
- Neuroimaging16–17, 22, 24–25. See also Functional imaging studies
- Neutralization483
- New Deal618
- New institutionalism405
- New York Times448
- New Zealand229
- NLSY. See National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
- Nodes See Activity nodes
- Non-criminogenic needs123
- Nonoffenders189
- Nonshared environmental influences49–50
- Norcross, John C.206
- Normalized deviance503–4
- Normative outcomes problem56–58
- Normative power608
- North Carolina699
- Norway286
- Nucleus accumbens25
- NYS. See National Youth Survey
- Observational learning74
- Offender search theory579. See also Target search theory
- on crime patterns by levels of analysis582–83(table)
- research on586–89
- summary of581
- Office of Justice Programs (OJP), U.S.127
- Ohlin, Lloyd E.154
- Olds, David16
- Ontario Ministry of Correctional Services118
- Opportunity theories92, 259, 260–61, 513–601. See also Crime places; See also General multilevel opportunity theory; See also Place management; See also Routine activity theory; See also Target search theory
- Optimal foraging theory545
- Oregon Youth Study (OYS)125–26
- Organizing space See ORCA
- Orientations of character430
- Outlaw, Maureen592
- Outsiders542
- Owen, Ashley E.174(table), 175
- OYS. See Oregon Youth Study
- Ozer, Emily J.144
- Padilla, Felix277(table)
- Paleomammalian complex of the brain497
- Pandillas (gang)287
- Parents40–60. See also Attachment, family/parental; See also Control, parental; See also Families; See also Fathers; See also Mothers
- authoritarian44
- authoritative44
- coercion by612
- disapproval from50, 53(figure), 54, 55(figure), 56
- evidence linking crime to practices of43–44
- evidence on the limits of influence45–58
- normative outcomes problem56–58
- permissive44
- Standard Social Science Model problem46–49
- uninvolved44
- variability problem50–56
- Park, Sookyung174(table), 175
- Parsons, Talcott407
- Pathway to reactive antisocial behavior243
- Patrick, James277(table)
- PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)638
- PCC. See Psychology of criminal conduct
- Peer networks257–71
- future directions for research268–70
- methodological considerations for research263–64
- research on crime and264–68
- role of258–59
- theoretical explanations for importance of259–62
- Peers
- coercive relationships with615
- control theories on effects of135–36
- delinquency in girls and267, 294–307, 322–23 (, Delinquency
- as risk factors for crime92, 93, 99(table), 100, 101(table), 102(table), 103(table), 104, 105(table), 230
- social learning theory on126
- social support theory on170–71
- Pellow, David634
- Penitentiary of New Mexico608
- Pennsylvania State University269
- Perceptual deterrence theory649–68
- future research and theoretical development665–67
- important points on650–51
- intellectual history of653–57
- research on657–65
- Performance IQ26–27
- Permissive parents44
- Persisters242
- Personal, Interpersonal, and Community-Reinforcement (PIC-R) perspective122–24
- Personal guardianship592
- Personal mastery experiences468–69
- Personal responsibility, place managers with564, 565(table), 567
- Perusse, Daniel58
- Physical abuse321
- PIC-R perspective See Personal, Interpersonal, and Community-Reinforcement perspective
- Piehl, Anne Morrison702
- Pinderhughes, Howard277(table)
- Pine, Daniel S.32
- Pinker, Steven46
- Pitts, John285
- Pitts, Victoria L.526
- Place, defining556–59
- Place management556, 562–73
- activities in high-crime places565–66
- decisions that affect crime opportunities567–68
- levels of564–65
- market mechanisms and569–70
- new directions for theory570–73
- process of566–67
- Place managers556, 562–70, 572, 595
- development of concept563
- differences from other controllers564(table)
- levels of564–65
- methods used to influence crime at places562–68
- policy options that leverage568–70
- Pleydon, Anne P.297
- Ploeger, Matthew298–99
- Plomin, Robert58
- Poelhuis, Caroline W. Klein57
- Poland418
- Police Services Study339
- Polish immigrants278
- Ponzi schemes477
- Population growth and density627
- Positive discount rate660
- Positive valence499
- Poverty505–6, 619. See also Absolute deprivation theory
- culture of376
- gang ethnographies on275
- immigrants and444
- neighborhood ties and336
- Power-control theory317–18
- Pratt, Travis C.128, 178(table), 179, 315, 674
- Precontemplation stage of change219
- Predictive risk factors91
- Preeclampsia31
- Pregnancy, teenage699
- Premature birth31
- Prenatal Early Infancy Program (PIEP)169
- Prenatal period
- brain development during168–69
- Preparation stage of change219
- Pridemore, William Alex178(table), 179
- Primary labor markets614
- Principles of Criminology (Sutherland)117
- Principles of effective correctional intervention69
- Prison See Incarceration
- Prison cycling698–703
- Prison-industrial complex617
- Problem-Oriented Policing conferences568
- Projection263
- Proletariat428–30
- Property crime
- crime pattern theory on540
- gender and319
- general strain theory on319
- girls engaging in302
- rise in408
- social institutions and417
- social support theory on176
- Proprietary places555–56, 559(figure)
- crime concentration within groups of facilities560–61
- defined558
- displacement, diffusion, neighborhood effects561–62
- importance of ownership558
- reasons for importance of559–62
- Protex Industries633
- Psychological Review (journal)16
- Psychological theories of crime74–75
- P300 waveforms29
- Public Interest, The (journal)70
- Puerto Rican gang members281
- Puffer, J. Adams275, 276(table), 280
- Pugh, M. D.264
- Punishment
- hormonal imbalances and reaction to30
- Lombroso on10
- perceptual properties of651–52
- self-122
- social support theory on170
- stability of674
- Pyrooz, David286
- PYS. See Pittsburgh Youth Study
- Race/ethnicity See also specific racial and ethnic groups
- general multilevel opportunity theory on587
- of immigrants450–51
- market economy and431
- neighborhood ties and336
- social support theory on172–75
- street culture and374–75
- structural inequality and355–56
- violence and152
- Radical behaviorism
- Rafter, Nicole18
- Ralphs, Robert285
- Rape See also Sexual assault
- developmental/life-course criminology on241
- Rational choice theory232, 405, 475, 494–507, 579
- on crime patterns by levels of analysis582–83(table)
- on green criminology633–34
- reconsidering500–506
- summary of581
- useful features of494
- weaknesses of494–95
- RCRA. See Resource, Conservation and Recovery Act
- Rebellon, Cesar304
- Recidivism
- Big Four risk factors for123–24
- Central Eight risk factors for123–24
- coercion and613
- Lombroso on7
- noncustodial vs. custodial sentences and680
- rehabilitation and685–86
- social learning theory on122–24
- Reckless, Walter C.76
- Reentry programs684–85
- Regicide413
- Regoli, Robert M.611
- Regulating conduct See ORCA
- Rehabilitation685–86
- psychology of criminal conduct and See Psychology of criminal conduct
- social learning theory on122–23
- social support theory on167
- Relationship principle121
- Remunerative power608
- Renauer, Brian700
- Replacement self211
- Repression611
- Reptilian complex of the brain497
- Research City, England284
- Resilience486–87
- “Rethinking Crime and Immigration” (Sampson)449
- Reyns, Bradford W.518
- Rhodes, William197
- Richie, Beth E.303
- Riis, Jacob275, 276(table)
- Risk, need, and responsivity (RNR) framework72, 77, 78, 79
- description of123
- measuring adherence to80–82
- Risk domains92–94
- Risk factors89–109
- causal91
- characteristics of studies on96–100
- defined90
- domains of92–94
- for early onset of offending230
- in ICAP theory235–36
- implications for practice and research107–9
- predictive91
- for recidivism123–24
- Risk principle76, 79, 80, 123. See also Risk, need, and responsivity framework
- RNR framework See Risk, need, and responsivity framework
- Robbery143, 144, 462
- bank544–45
- commercial557
- crime pattern theory on540
- in former Soviet Union408
- gender differences in294
- immigration and449
- place management and557
- rise in415
- social institutions and415
- structural inequality and359
- target search theory on543
- Roberts, Brent W.213
- Robins, Lee16
- Robinson, John P.40–41
- Roche, Kathleen M.174(table)
- Rochester, New York229
- Roncek, Dennis W.527
- Roper v. Simmons17
- Ross, E. A.333
- Rotterdam, Netherlands283
- Routine activity theory475, 513–30
- cyberlifestyle-518
- definition of routine activities515
- distinctions from mainstream theories515–16
- expansions of516–18
- guardianship and See Guardianship
- individual-level studies of523–26
- lifestyle- See Lifestyle-routine activities theory
- measurement of key theoretical concepts518–23
- motivated offenders and See Motivated offenders
- multilevel studies of528–29
- predictive validity of523–29
- target attractiveness and See Target attractiveness
- theoretical foundations of514–15
- Rowdiness503
- Roy, Kevin216
- Ruback, Barry592
- Rulison, Kelly267–68
- Rumbaut, Ruben G.447
- Running away321
- Russell Square Area Project345
- Ryberg, Nick487
- Ryder, Judith A.699
- Safe place templates542–43
- St. Jean, Peter699
- St. Paul, Minnesota448
- Salcido, Olivia452
- Sampson, Robert J.166, 171, 177(table), 189, 190, 191–92, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199–200, 201, 205, 208, 210, 213, 215, 218, 229, 338–39, 340, 343, 348, 358, 359, 360, 362, 365, 374, 377, 380, 448–49, 525, 528, 555, 589–90, 591, 676, 677, 694
- Sanchez-Jankowski, Martin277(table)
- Sanders, William277(table)
- San Diego, California449–50
- San Francisco, California305
- Savolainen, Jukka178(table), 412, 434
- Scarpa, Angela30, 173(table), 175
- Schizophrenia24
- Schmaling, Karen B.239
- Schnaiberg, Allan634
- Schner, Joseph G.297
- School and education231
- code of the suburb participants and390
- crime victimization and593
- ICAP theory on235
- Lombroso on9
- risk factors for crime and92, 93–94, 99(table), 100, 101(table), 102(table), 103(table), 104, 105–6, 107, 108, 230, 235
- social support theory on170
- violence and379
- Schur, Edwin M.299
- Schwartz, Gary375
- Schwartz, Martin D.526
- Seattle Social Development Project229
- Secondary labor markets614
- Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), U.S.479
- Security-industrial complex616
- Self-esteem93
- Self-management principle121
- Self-punishment122
- Self-regulation122
- Self-reinforcement122
- Self-serving bias661–62
- Self-shame333
- Sellin, Thorsten14
- Sensitive periods91
- Serendipity544
- Severity of punishment See Punishment, severity of
- Sexual abuse321
- Shakur, Sanyika276(table)
- Shaw, Clifford R.117, 278, 280, 333–34, 335–36, 345–46, 372–73, 375, 380, 383, 555, 571–72, 692, 693, 694
- Shaw, Daniel S.243
- Sheldon, William H.116
- Sheley, Joseph F.178(table)
- Shimshack, Jay P.634
- “Shopping” for friends126
- Short, James F., Jr.276(table), 279, 288, 348, 375
- Side bets210
- SIENA statistical package269
- Silver, Eric340
- Simenon, Joke173(table), 176
- Simons, Richard L.298
- Singer, Mark I.151
- Situated choice210
- Situational Action Theory419
- Situation modeling545
- Skinner, Burrhus F.74
- Skolnick, Jerome H.277(table)
- Skulls, shape of See Phrenology
- Slovenia287
- Smith, Adam427
- Smith, M. Dwayne178(table)
- Snijders, Tom A. B.268
- Snodgrass, Jon572
- Snow, David A.382
- Social bond theory See Age-graded social bond/control perspective; See Social control theory
- Social class626, 636, 637. See also Coercion; See also Socioeconomic status
- Social cognitive theory74
- Social constructionist theory500
- Social control See also Formal social control; See also Informal social control
- general strain theory on148
- social support and163, 165(table), 166–67, 179–80
- Social control theory94, 131–41, 144. See also Age-graded social bond/control perspective
- on crime patterns by levels of analysis582–83(table)
- on emotions496
- on incarceration676
- subjective-social control model209
- Social development model92
- Social disorganization theory94, 144–45, 357, 372–73, 381, 429, 555, 557
- description of335–37
- differential association theory and117
- social support theory compared with160
- Social dominance30
- Social institutions405–21. See also Institutional performance; See also Institutional regulation/legitimacy; See also Institutional structure
- analytic framework for studying406–10
- core dimensions of409–10
- criminological applications of perspective410–18
- defined407
- future of theorizing on418–20
- social systems and407–9
- Socialism430
- Socialization influences, assumption of the generality of46–48
- Social learning theory92, 115–28, 267, 429
- Canadian School of See Canadian School theories
- general strain theory and156
- Hirschi’s view of134
- on incarceration676–77
- Personal, Interpersonal, and Community-Reinforcement perspective122–24
- Social network perspective94, 165, 373
- applications of268
- crime pattern theory and539
- informal social control and336
- structural inequality and358–60
- target search theory and545
- Social order430
- Social organizations358–60
- Social skills training74
- Social support
- concept of162–63
- parental50, 51(figure), 54
- street crime and lack of464
- Social support theory160–80
- basic premise of160
- concept of social support in162–63
- difference from other theories160–61
- differential coercion theory and611
- empirical status of172–80
- Social systems407–9
- Social ties See Neighborhood social ties
- Social welfare policies See also Welfare programs
- homicide rates and411–13
- inequality, crime, and434–35
- Socioeconomic status (SES) See also Social class; See also Structural inequality
- Sociograms268
- Sociological theories of criminality594
- Somatic marker hypothesis28
- Somatotyping16
- South, Nigel628
- South America286
- South Bronx, New York697
- South Korea175
- South London, England43
- Soviet Union See Former Soviet Union
- Spano, Richard526
- Spatial patterns of criminal events538
- Specialization in offending230
- Specific responsivity principle77, 79, 123. See also Risk, need, and responsivity framework
- Spergel, Irving276(table)
- Sports317
- Spouse abuse See Domestic violence
- SSSM. See Standard Social Science Model
- Stafford, Sarah L.634
- Stalking519
- Standard Social Science Model (SSSM)46–49
- State-dependent processes201
- Stattin, Häkan48
- Sterilization, involuntary13
- Story lines215–16
- Stouthamer-Loeber, Magda44
- Stowell, Jacob I.449
- Strain theories92, 373, 405, 429. See also General strain theory
- social support theory compared with160
- Street code See Code of the street
- Street crime461–73, 485, 486, 611
- green crime compared with625
- offense selection467–71
- reasons for choosing465–67
- socioemotional context of462–65
- theory and policy implications471–73
- Street culture370–84, 463, 465
- criticisms and controversy over findings375–76
- current research and alternative perspectives380–84
- early perspectives on372–76
- empirical evaluation of378–80
- recent perspectives on376–84
- revival of interest in376–78
- Stretesky, Paul B.637
- Striatum25
- Strodtbeck, Fred L.276(table), 279, 288, 375
- Structural adjustment policies435
- Structural deficits374
- Structural-Marxist theory608–9
- Subcultural models373–76
- Subcultures of violence144–45, 148, 374
- general strain theory on153–56
- peer networks and267
- structural inequality and361–62
- Subjective-social control model209
- Substance abuse See also Alcohol use; See also Drug use
- in girls300
- social support theory on175
- Suburb, code of the See Code of the suburb
- Sullivan, Christopher J.612
- Sullivan, Mercer C.277(table)
- Surgeon General’s Office, U.S.144
- Sutherland, Edwin H.14, 15, 70, 74, 82, 115, 116, 117–18, 119, 120–21, 124, 128, 259, 260, 265, 322, 323, 373, 375
- Sutherland Address (American Society of Criminology)594
- Suttles, Gerald D.375
- Swart, William J.305
- Swartz, Kristin79
- Swedish Adoption Twin Study of Ageing58
- Swidler, Ann382
- Switzerland478
- Sykes, Gresham76
- Symbiosis514–15
- Taft, Donald R.446
- Target, defined536
- Target hardening514, 517, 518, 562, 592
- measures of criticized521
- positive association with victimization529–30
- Target search theory535–48. See also Crime pattern theory; See also Information-led target searches; See also Offender search theory; See also Opportunistic discoveries; See also Proximity events; See also Purposive target searches
- Target selection536
- Taylor, Carl S.277(table)
- Taylor, Charles635
- Taylor, Claire137
- Taylor, Terrance J.526
- Teenage pregnancy699
- Tekin, Erdal464
- Templates See Crime templates
- Temporal cortex25
- Temporal lobe deficits25
- Teratogens17
- Terrorism616
- Thalamus498
- Theft See also Burglary; See also Robbery
- choosing to commit470
- developmental/life-course criminology on231
- general multilevel opportunity theory on593
- neighborhood ties and338
- perceptual deterrence theory on663
- Theobald, Delphine231
- Theoretical Criminology (journal)628
- Theoretical indeterminacy522
- Third-party policing569
- Thomas, James C.699
- Thorndike, Edward L.74
- Thrasher, Frederic M.14, 276(table), 278, 280
- Tibbetts, Stephen G.168–69
- Time constraints538
- Time-out128
- Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study269
- Tolman, Edward C.74
- Tooby, John46
- Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)632
- Trajectory methods189, 190, 194–95, 200. See also Group trajectory method; See also Growth curve model
- Travel paths See Paths
- Treadmill of production634
- TRI. See Toxics Release Inventory
- Tseloni, Andromachi524
- Turner, R. Jay151
- Tyler, Tom R.419
- Uniform Crime Reports294
- Uninvolved parents44
- United Way176
- Unnever, James D.612
- Urban collectives (term for gangs)285
- Urban structure539
- Urban youth violence143–57. See also General strain theory
- Urquhart-Ross, Carol343
- Useem, Bert702
- Utopia (More)424–25
- Value (of goods)517
- Value consensus132–33
- Van Der Laan, Andre232
- Van Gemert, Frank277(table), 283, 286, 288
- Van IJazendoorn, Marinus H.57
- Van Winkle, Barrik276(table)
- Variability problem50–56
- VAR (vector auto-regression) model702
- Vaughan, Barry213
- Vaughan, Diane503–5
- Vaughn, Michael17
- Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi277(table), 697
- Verbal IQ26–27
- Verbal persuasion468
- Vicarious criminal experiences468
- Vicarious victimization152
- Victimization
- anticipated152
- multilevel analysis of589–93
- social support and mitigation of165(table), 168, 175
- target hardening positively associated with529–30
- vicarious152
- Vigil, James Diego277(table), 280, 284
- Villettaz, Patrice680
- Violence
- birth complications and31
- code of the suburb vs.389–401 ( See also Code of the suburb
- coercion leading to612
- crime pattern theory on540
- cycle of151–53
- direct and indirect effects of152
- executive function deficits and27
- gang ethnographies on281
- general multilevel opportunity theory on591
- general strain theory on143–57, 319 ( See also General strain theory
- homicide as an extension of242
- immigration and449
- incarceration and700
- in life-course-persistent offenders196
- minor physical anomalies and32
- perceptual deterrence theory on661
- prenatal influences and31
- social support theory on176
- street culture and379
- subcultures of See Subcultures of violence
- Virtual crime sites570
- VIVA (Value, Inertia, Visibility, and Accessibility)517
- Vivo diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging tractography24
- Vold, George14
- Wadsworth, Tim449
- Wales524
- Walls, Melissa L.301
- Walsh, Anthony16
- Waltham Forest, London285
- Ward, Michael B.634
- “War on Drugs,”617
- Water pollution See Air, land, and water pollution
- Watson, John B.46
- Weather10
- Weber, Max608
- Web of conformity165
- Weibull, Waloddi53
- Weinstein, Rhona S.144
- Weisheit, Ralph636
- Weiss, Robert616
- Weitekamp, Elmar277(table), 283
- Welfare programs176, 179, 615. See also Social welfare policies
- Wells, Edward636
- Welsh, Brandon C.199
- West, Cornel153
- West, Valerie701
- “What Is Agency?” (Emirbayer and Mische)214
- Whitbeck, Les B.301
- White, Rob277(table), 631, 635
- White-collar crime428, 475–90, 501, 503
- coining of term118
- contexts of478–83
- data incompleteness on477–78
- developmental/life-course criminology on238
- motivation and incentives485–86
- personal qualities of offenders486–88
- questions of definition476–77
- social influence and488–89
- Whyte, William Foot276(table), 279, 280
- Wickes, Rebecca339–40
- Wikström, Per-Olof596
- Wildlife crimes635–36
- Wilkinson, Deanna L.341–42
- William the Conqueror627
- Wilmoth, John R.195
- Wimer, Christopher208
- Winfree, L. Thomas, Jr.173(table)
- Winlow, Simon436
- Woermann, Friedrich G.24
- Workplace See Labor market
- World Health Organization433
- Wormith, Steve J.80
- Worrall, John L.177(table), 179
- Wright, Richard A.14–15
- Xe Corporation616
- Yablonsky, Lewis276(table), 279
- Yang, Sue-Ming555
- Yang, Yaling24
- Yardie culture285
- Yates, Daniel K.700–701
- Yeager, Peter637
- Young, Tara285
- Youth See also Adolescents; See also Children
- general strain theory on violence in143–57 ( See also General strain theory
- supervision of358–60
- Zelizer, Viviana472
- Zhang, Junsen177(table)
- Zhang, Quanwu242
- Zimbabwe635
- Zito, Rena Cornell320
- Zoder, Isabel680
PDF
This content is only available as a PDF.
Metrics
View Metrics
Metrics
Total Views
27
5
Pageviews
22
PDF Downloads
Since 10/1/2022
| Month: | Total Views: |
|---|---|
| October 2022 | 6 |
| November 2022 | 2 |
| December 2022 | 1 |
| January 2023 | 3 |
| February 2023 | 2 |
| March 2023 | 1 |
| April 2023 | 1 |
| June 2023 | 1 |
| August 2023 | 1 |
| October 2023 | 1 |
| July 2024 | 1 |
| September 2024 | 1 |
| November 2024 | 1 |
| January 2025 | 4 |
| April 2025 | 1 |
Citations
Powered by Dimensions
Altmetrics
