Index

Index

Note: Italicized letter n designates footnotes. Headings which appear periodically throughout the page range are designated with passim.

accounting standards

banking sector and

command economy and

electricity sector and

Europe and

growth and

mineral resources and

natural resources and

New Economic Policy and

oil and gas sector and

privatization and

resource rents and

Soviet legacy and

taxation and

admissions, college

aging population.

See

demographics

agriculture

Asia and

Brezhnev era and

bureaucracy and

CIS and

collectivism and

command economy and

competition and

corporate

cropping patterns and

diversification and

domestic consumption and

electricity sector and

Europe and

GDP and

geography and

Gorbachev era and

government policy and

gross output

growth and

imperial legacy and

individualization and

informal sector and

investment and

livestock and

monetary policy and

New Economic Policy and

poverty and inequality and

privatization and

productivity of

property rights and

R&D and

recession and

reform of

resource rents and

sanitary/phytosanitary requirements and

Siberia and

Soviet legacy and

state control/ownership and

structure of

subsidies and

taxation and

total factor productivity and

trade and

transferability of property and

transition and

US and

WTO and

amber box subsidies

arbitrage

electricity sector and

institutions and

privatization and

state control/ownership and

taxation and

armed forces

China and

corruption and

global influence of

imperial legacy and

Muscovy legacy and

perestroika era and

reform of

Soviet legacy and

strength of

WWI and

See also

military-industrial complex

arms race.

See

military-industrial complex

Asia

agriculture and

corporate governance and

electricity sector and

exports and

financial crisis of 1998–2000 and

Gazprom and

geography and

gross agricultural output and

growth and

informal sector and

institutional performance and

integrating markets with

mineral resources and

modernization and

oil and gas sector and

privatization and

recession and

tariffs and

trade and

transition and

asset stripping

banking sector and

bankruptcy and

government policy and

institutional performance and

mineral resources and

privatization and

resource rents and

taxation and

automotive sector

corporate governance and

mineral resources and

railways and

tariffs and

trade and

WTO and

baby bonuses

banking sector

accounting standards and

asset stripping and

bankruptcy and

Basel II/Basel III and

CIS and

competition and

compliance and

consumer confidence and

deposit insurance and

development and

distrust of

efficiency of

Europe and

financial crisis of 2008–2009 and

foreign banks and

foreign financing and

foreign funding of

funding and

Gazprom and

GDP and

government policy and

institutions and

investment and

lending and

liquidity and

macroeconomic stabilization and

management and

monetary policy and

number of banks and

oligarchs and

pocket banks and

property rights and

regulation and

Sberbank and

Soviet legacy and

speculation and

state control/ownership and

transition and

US and

volatility and

wages and income and

Yeltsin era and

bankruptcy

asset stripping and

banking sector and

command economy and

corporate governance and

corruption and

electricity sector and

institutional performance and

mineral resources and

Basel II/Basel III

birth rates

employment and

fertility and

maternal capital program and

black market.

See

informal sector

bonds

corporate

domestic

Eurobonds

foreign government

government

railways and

regional

Brezhnev, Leonid, era of

agriculture and

environmental laws under

GDP and

lifestyle choices and

rent management system and

See also

Soviet legacy

bribery.

See

corruption

Budget Code

bureaucracy

agriculture and

command economy and

corruption and

health care system and

informal sector and

innovation and

institutional performance and

privatization and

recession and

regional government and

business services sector

command economy and

trade and

WTO and

capacity markets

cartels

Central Europe.

See

Europe/European Union

centralization

command economy and

federalism and

fiscal

health care system and

institutional performance and

modernization and

oil and gas sector and

political

regional government and

See also

federalism

Chernomyrdin, Viktor

CHI.

See

compulsory health insurance

child care

China

armed forces and

collectivism and

corporate governance and

corruption and

environmental regulation and

famine and

the Far East and

financial and credit markets and

foreign investment and

funding competition from

geography and

industrialization and

institutional performance and

military-industrial complex and

mortality rate and

oil and gas sector and

poverty and inequality and

railways and

recession and

research and development and

Siberia and

trade and

Chukotka region

CIS.

See

Commonwealth of Independent States

CIT.

See

corporate income tax (CIT)

collectivism

agriculture and

China and

command economy and

the Far East and

financial and credit markets and

institutional performance and

labor markets and

modernization and

poverty and inequality and

recession and

college.

See

education

colonialism.

See

imperial legacy

command economy

accounting standards and

agriculture and

bureaucracy and

business services sector and

centralization and

collectivism and

competition and

compliance and

conglomerates and

consumer confidence and

cultural traditions and

diversification and

equity markets and

Europe and

funding and

GDP and

Gorbachev era and

infrastructure and

institutions and

investment and

market economy and

Medvedev era and

monetary policy and

pipeline system and

political legacies of

productivity and

Putin era and

regulation and

social policy and

total factor productivity and

unions and

Yeltsin era and

commodities

financial and credit markets and

foreign investment and

geography and

government policy and

growth and

informal sector and

institutional performance and

railways and

total factor productivity and

trade and

transition and

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

agriculture and

banking sector and

electricity sector and

labor market and

life expectancy and

oil and gas sector and

privatization and

state control/ownership

taxation and

trade and

transition and

See also

international community

communism.

See

Soviet legacy

competition

agriculture and

banking sector and

command economy and

corporate governance and

corruption and

education and

electricity sector and

environmental regulation and

federalism and

financial and credit markets and

foreign investment and

Gazprom and

growth and

health care system and

institutional performance and

investment and

labor market and

military-industrial complex and

mineral resources and

modernization and

natural resources and

oil and gas sector and

poverty and inequality and

privatization and

railways and

recession and

regional issues and

science and

Soviet legacy and

taxation and

transition and

WTO and

compliance

banking sector and

command economy and

corporate governance and

environmental regulation and

federalism and

growth and

informal sector and

institutional performance and

oil and gas sector and

poverty and inequality and

sciences and

small business and

taxation and

compulsory health insurance

conflict, corporate governance and

conglomerates

consolidation

consumer confidence

banking sector and

command economy and

corruption and

family programs and

financial and credit markets and

informal sector and

institutional performance and

labor market and

unions and

consumption.

See

consumer confidence

corporate agriculture

corporate bonds

corporate governance

Asia and

automotive sector and

bankruptcy and

China and

competition and

compliance and

conflict and

conglomerates and

consolidation and

equity markets and

Europe and

funding competition and

Gazprom and

globalization and

Gorbachev era and

improvement of

investment and

law enforcement and

Medvedev era and

privatization and

property rights and

regulation and

shareholder conflicts and

state control/ownership and

US and

Yeltsin era and

See also

management

corporate income tax (CIT)

accrual-based

federalism and

oil and gas sector and

corporate raiding.

See

asset stripping

corruption

armed forces and

bankruptcy and

bribery amounts and

bureaucracy and

business and

China and

competition and

consequences of

consumer confidence and

crime and

democracy and

development of

domestic consumption and

in everyday life

funding and

GDP and

Gorbachev era and

informal sector and

international ratings and

kickbacks and

law enforcement and

management and

Medvedev era and

oligarchs and

perestroika era and

political

privatization and

Putin era and

regulation and

Soviet legacy and

taxation and

wages and income and

Yeltsin era and

crime

corruption and

Europe and

the Far East and

labor market and

monetary policy and

mortality rate and

recession and

Siberia and

Soviet legacy and

transition and

wages and income and

See also

law enforcement

cropping patterns

currency.

See

monetary policy

customs tariffs.

See

tariffs

czarist Russia.

See

imperial legacy

DAM.

See

day-ahead market

decentralization.

See

centralization

defense sector.

See

armed forces

demographics

baby bonuses and

birth rates and

development and

education and

environmental regulation and

fertility rates and

geography and

government policy and

health status and

heterogeneous population and

knowledge transfer and

life expectancy and

lifestyle choices and

maternal capital program and

morbidity rate and

mortality rate and

poverty and inequality and

Putin era and

R&D and

regional development and

total factor productivity and

urbanization and

US and

deposit insurance

deregulation.

See

regulation

development

accession to WTO and

agriculture and

banking sector and

corruption and

decline of

electricity sector and

environmental regulation and

the Far East and

geography and

modernization and

natural resources and

oil and gas sector and

railways and

reform and

regional

Siberia and

stages of

WTO and

See also

research and development

diversification

agriculture and

command economy and

environmental regulation and

financial and credit markets and

foreign investment and

institutional performance and

natural resources and

oil and gas sector and

taxation and

trade and

WTO and

domestic bonds

domestic consumption

agriculture and

corruption and

electricity sector and

the Far East and

Gazprom and

oil and gas sector and

Siberia and

dual financial system

Eastern Europe.

economic development.

See

development

economic geography.

See

geography

economic growth.

See

growth

economic transition.

See

transition

education

admissions and

bribery and

competition and

Europe and

funding of

GDP and

government policy and

heterogeneous population and

innovation and

investment and

market power and

middle class and

poverty and inequality and

primary and secondary

privatization of

R&D and

state control/ownership and

subsidies for

transition and

US and

wages and income and

electricity sector

accounting standards and

agriculture and

arbitrage and

Asia and

bankruptcy and

capacity markets and

cartels and

CIS and

competition and

day-ahead market and

development of

domestic consumption and

Europe and

forward markets and

Gazprom and

imperial legacy and

investment in

management and

market power and

monetary policy and

power plant capacity and

pricing within

productivity and

reform of

regulation and

restructuring of

Soviet legacy and

structure and

US and

employment

corporate governance and

demographics and

financial crisis of 2008–2009 and

health care system and

institutional foundations and

labor market and

moonlighting

poverty and inequality and

R&D and

regulation of

social policy and

US and

wages and income and

work hours and

See also

labor market

energy.

See

electricity sector

enforcement.

See

law enforcement

enterprise management.

See

management

environmental regulation

China and

climate change and

competition and

compliance and

degradation costs and

demographics and

development and

diversification and

economic instruments and

emissions and

Europe and

financing of

funding and

GDP and

Gorbachev era and

green investment and

growth and

health risks and

incentive and

institutional decline and

liberalization and

life expectancy and

management and

MET and

perestroika era and

pollution and

quality of life and

reform of

Soviet legacy and

technology development and

US and

weakening of

See also

regulation

equality.

See

poverty and inequality

equity markets

command economy and

corporate governance and

financial and credit markets and

resource rents and

Eurobonds

European Russia.

See

Commonwealth of Independent States

Europe/European Union

accounting standards and

agriculture and

banking sector and

command economy and

corporate governance and

crime and

education and

electricity sector and

environmental regulation and

EURASEC and

exports and

fertility rates and

financial and credit markets and

Gazprom and

geography and

health care system and

institutional performance and

life expectancy and

lifestyle choices and

military-industrial complex and

modernization and

morbidity rate and

mortality rate and

oil and gas sector and

pipeline system and

poverty and inequality and

privatization and

productivity and

railways and

R&D and

recession and

sciences and

subsidies and

tariffs and

trade and

transition and

unions and

everyday corruption

exports

Asia and

Europe and

the Far East and

natural resources

oil and gas sector and

R&D and

Siberia and

taxation of

WTO and

See also

trade

factor services

families

famine

the Far East

China and

Chukotka and

collectivism and

crime in

development and

exports and

gross regional product and

growth and

natural resources and

perestroika era and

property rights and

reform and

Soviet legacy and

state control/ownership and

trade and

transition and

See also

regional issues

farming.

See

agriculture

FDI.

See

foreign investment

federalism

Budget Code and

centralization and

CIT and

competition and

compliance and

the Far East and

GDP and

health care system and

investment and

management and

market preservation and

MET and

PIT and

Putin era and

regional government and

regulation and

Siberia and

tax code and

VAT and

See also

centralization

fertility rates

employment and

Europe and

maternal capital program and

financial and credit markets

China and

collectivism and

commodities and

competition and

consumer confidence and

corporate governance and

diversification and

dual financial system

equity markets and

Europe and

funding and

Gazprom and

GDP and

globalization and

growth and

infrastructure and

institutional foundations and

law enforcement and

liquidity and

macroeconomic stabilization and

modernization of

monetary policy and

natural resources rent and

oil and gas sector and

oligarchs and

Putin era and

regulation and

state control/ownership and

US and

wages and income and

financial crisis of 1998–2000

financial crisis of 2008–2009

employment and

foreign financing and

government and

labor market and

liquidity and

number of banks and

poverty and inequality and

financing

developing countries and

environmental regulation and

financial crisis of 2008–2009 and

foreign

health care system and

fiscal centralization

fiscal federalism.

See

federalism

fixed-income markets.

See

bonds

flexible hours/wages

food.

See

agriculture

forced labor

forced migration

foreign currency.

See

monetary policy

foreign financing

foreign government bonds

foreign investment

China and

commodities and

competition and

diversification and

GDP and

labor market and

Medvedev era and

mineral resources and

oil and gas sector and

Putin era and

reform and

WTO and

See also

investment

forward markets

Freight One/Freight Two

freight tariffs

funding

banking sector and

command economy and

corporate governance and

corruption and

education

environmental regulation and

financial and credit markets and

health care system and

institutional performance and

military-industrial complex and

mineral resources and

natural resources and

oligarchs and

political candidates and

railways and

R&D and

regional

sciences and

See also

financing

Gaidar, Yegor

gas.

See

Gazprom

Asia and

banking sector and

command economy and

corporate governance and

electricity sector and

Europe and

financial and credit markets and

growth and

institutional performance and

natural resources and

pipeline system and

pricing and

privatization and

productivity and

R&D and

reform and

regional issues and

See also

oil and gas sector

GDP.

See

gross domestic product

geography

agriculture and

Asia and

China and

commodities and

demographics and

development and

Europe and

the Far East and

GDP and

government policy and

growth and

industrialization and

migration and

monetary policy and

natural resources and

poverty and inequality and

railways and

regional inequality and

regional investment and

Siberia and

urbanization and

wages and income and

GERD.

See

research and development

globalization

Gorbachev, Mikhail, era of

agriculture and

command economy and

corporate governance and

corruption and

environmental regulation and

life expectancy and

military-industrial complex and

mineral resources and

modernization and

oil and gas sector and

poverty and inequality in

privatization and

recession and

rent management system and

transition

See also

perestroika era

governance, corporate.

See

corporate governance

government bonds

government policy

asset stripping and

banking sector and

commodities and

education and

financial crisis of 2008–2009 and

fiscal regime for natural resources and

geography and

health care system and

industrialization and

innovation and

privatization and

regional issues and

transition and

green box subsidies

greenhouse gasses

gross domestic product (GDP)

agriculture and

banking sector and

Brezhnev era and

command economy and

corruption and

education and

environmental regulation and

federalism and

financial and credit markets and

foreign investment and

geography and

growth and

health care system and

informal sector and

institutional performance and

labor market and

military-industrial complex and

modernization and

natural resources and

oil and gas sector and

poverty and inequality and

R&D and

recession and

regional issues and

resource rents and

Soviet legacy and

taxation and

total factor productivity and

trade and

transition and

US and

world rankings for

WTO and

growth

accounting standards and

after 1998

agriculture and

Asia and

capital services and

commodities and

competition and

compliance and

data quality issues and

environmental regulation and

factor services and

the Far East and

federalism and

financial and credit markets and

Gazprom and

GDP and

geography and

inflationary trends and

informal sector and

institutional performance and

investment and

labor market and

measures of

monetary policy and

natural resources and

patterns of

poverty and inequality and

productivity and

projections of

regional

Siberia and

total factor productivity and

transition and

wages and income and

Grozny, Ivan

gulag system

health care system

bureaucracy and

centralization and

CHI and

competition and

drug delivery and

employment and

Europe and

financing of

funding of

GDP and

informal sector and

investment and

life expectancy and

morbidity rate and

mortality rate and

pollution and

privatization of

Putin era and

reform of

regional issues and

regulation and

resources and

social policy and

Soviet legacy and

state control/ownership and

higher education.

See

education

horizontal integration

mineral resources and

oil and gas sector and

human capital.

See

labor market

IGFR (intergovernmental fiscal relations).

See

federalism

IMF.

See

International Monetary Fund

immigration.

See

migration

imperial legacy

agriculture and

armed forces and

corruption and

electricity sector and

the Far East and

Ivan III and

Ivan IV (the Terrible) and

migration and

Muskovy and

Nicholas II and

prices and

reform and

regional development and

Siberia and

Stolypin reform and

imports.

See

tariffs

income.

See

taxation

industrialization

China and

command economy and

geography and

growth and

market-led

modernization and

recession and

Soviet legacy and

US and

inequality.

See

poverty and inequality

inflation

corruption and

financial and credit markets and

growth and

poverty and inequality and

informal sector

agriculture and

Asia and

bureaucracy and

commodities and

compliance and

consumer confidence and

effect of

federalism and

GDP and

growth of

health care system and

information flow and

law enforcement and

measurement of

moonlighting and

PIT and

poverty and inequality and

regulation and

resource rents and

Soviet legacy and

subsidies and

taxation and

tax code and

transition and

wages and income and

Yeltsin era and

infrastructure

command economy and

natural resources rent and

oil and gas sector and

railways and

innovation

bureaucracy and

education and

government policy and

transition and

institutional foundations

institutional performance

Asia and

asset stripping and

bankruptcy and

bureaucracy and

centralization and

China and

collectivism and

commodities and

competition and

compliance and

consumer confidence and

diversification and

Europe and

funding and

Gazprom and

GDP and

growth and

investment and

monetary policy and

natural resources and

oligarchs and

pipeline system and

poverty and inequality and

regional bonds and

institutional structure

institutions

arbitrage and

banking sector and

collectivism and

command economy and

environmental regulation and

extractive vs. inclusive

genesis of

growth and

management and

misuse of

recession and

society and

Soviet legacy and

times of crises and

transition and

wages and income and

weakness of

insurance

CHI

deposit

integration.

See

horizontal integration

intellectual property rights

intergovernmental fiscal relations (IGFR).

See

federalism

international community

maternal capital program and

mortality rate and

poverty and inequality and

WTO accession and

International Monetary Fund

intraregional fiscal relations

investment

agriculture and

banking sector and

command economy and

competition and

consumer confidence and

corporate governance and

education and

electricity sector and

environmental regulation and

the Far East and

federalism and

Gazprom and

growth and

health care system and

institutional performance and

labor market and

Medvedev era and

mineral resources and

modernization and

oil and gas sector and

pension funds and

privatization and

Putin era and

railways and

R&D and

recession and

reform and

regional

resource rents and

rights of

Siberia and

Soviet legacy and

taxation and

transition and

vertical integration and

WTO and

Ivan III

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

Jackson-Vanik Amendment

Jewish Autonomous Oblast region

Khodorkovsky, Mikhail

knowledge transfer

labor market

CIS and

collectivism and

competition and

consumer confidence and

crime and

demographics and

employment and

financial crisis of 2008–2009 and

forced

GDP and

growth and

gulag system and

institutional foundations and

investment and

law enforcement and

minimum wage and

mining and

mobility and

moonlighting and

politics/political rights and

poverty and inequality and

productivity of

reform of

regional development and

regulation and

serfdom and

social policy and

stages of

trade unions and

unemployment benefits and

US and

wages and income and

work hours and

See also

employment

labor unions.

See

unions

land.

See

property/property rights

law enforcement

corporate governance and

corruption and

federalism and

financial and credit markets and

informal sector and

labor market and

rent management system and

See also

crime

life expectancy

CIS and

environmental regulation and

Europe and

Gorbachev era and

health care system and

recession and

regional issues and

Siberia and

Soviet legacy and

transition and

See also

mortality rate

lifestyle choices

liquidity

agriculture and

banking sector and

command economy and

financial and credit markets and

financial crisis of 2008–2009 and

institutional performance and

migration and

transition and

livestock

macroeconomic stabilization

banking sector and

financial and credit markets and

transition and

management

banking sector and

corruption and

electricity sector and

environmental regulation and

federalism and

fishing industry and

institutions and

military-industrial complex and

mineral resources and

natural resources and

oil and gas sector and

oligarchs and

privatization and

property/property rights and

R&D and

state control/ownership and

market economy.

See

transition

market-led industrialization

market power

education and

electricity sector and

railways and

markets.

maternal capital program

Medvedev, Dmitry, era of

command economy and

corporate governance and

corruption and

foreign investment and

investment and

mineral resources and

regional issues and

MET.

See

mineral extraction tax (MET)

metals.

See

mineral resources

MIC.

See

military-industrial complex

middle class

agriculture and

education and

modernization and

poverty and inequality and

privatization and

reform and

migration

employment and

forced

geography and

imperial legacy and

Jackson-Vanik Amendment and

liquidity and

poverty and inequality and

regional issues and

military-industrial complex (MIC)

China and

competition and

development of

Europe and

funding and

funding of

GDP and

Gorbachev era and

management and

mineral resources and

monetary policy and

Muskovy legacy and

natural resources and

prices and

Putin era and

quality control and

reform of

rent-granting system and

Soviet legacy and

Stalin era and

structure and

US and

Yeltsin era and

See also

armed forces

mineral extraction tax (MET)

environmental regulation and

federalism and

mineral resources

accounting standards and

Asia and

asset stripping and

automotive sector and

bankruptcy and

competition and

exploration and

export of

funding and

Gorbachev era and

horizontal integration and

investment and

labor market and

management and

Medvedev era and

military-industrial complex and

nepheline and

oligarchs and

privatization of

Putin era and

quality control of

quantity of

regulation and

Soviet legacy and

state control/ownership and

structure and

supply chain in

vertical integration and

WTO and

Yeltsin era and

minimum wage

mining.

See

mineral resources

mobility, labor

modernization

Asia and

centralization and

Civil War and

collectivism and

competition and

development and

Europe and

financial and credit markets and

GDP and

Gorbachev era and

industrialization and

investment and

market economy and

market-led industrialization and

monetary policy and

New Economic Policy and

R&D and

regulation and

Soviet legacy and

stages of development and

stagnation and

Stalin era and

systemic impediments to

unions and

urbanization and

wages and income and

World War I and

monetary policy

agriculture and

banking sector and

command economy and

crime and

electricity sector and

financial and credit markets and

geography and

growth and

institutional performance and

military-industrial complex and

modernization and

natural resources and

New Economic Policy and

oil and gas sector and

poverty and inequality and

productivity and

recession and

transition and

See also

International Monetary Fund

monopolies.

See

oligarchs

morbidity rate

Europe and

health care system and

Soviet legacy and

technology and

mortality rate

China and

crime and

employment and

Europe and

fluctuations in

health care system and

international community and

poverty and inequality and

Soviet legacy and

Stalin era and

Muskovy legacy

natural gas.

See

Gazprom

natural resources

accounting standards and

competition and

dependence on

development and

diversification and

export of

the Far East and

fiscal regime for

funding and

Gazprom and

GDP and

geography and

growth and

institutional performance and

institutional structure and

management and

monetary policy and

oligarchs and

pipeline system and

prices and

R&D and

regional development and

regional revenues and

royalties on

Siberia and

Soviet legacy and

taxation of

WTO and

NEP.

See

New Economic Policy

nepheline

New Economic Policy

Nicholas II

noncompetition.

See

competition

oil and gas sector

accounting standards and

Asia and

banking sector and

centralization and

China and

CIS and

CIT and

competition and

compliance and

denationalization of

dependence on

development of

diversification and

domestic consumption and

Europe and

exports and

financial and credit markets and

GDP and

Gorbachev era and

horizontal integration and

institutional structure of

investment in

Mikhail Khodorkovsky and

management and

monetary policy and

negotiations in

organizational structure of

planned economy and

pricing of

private enterprise and

privatization and

productivity and

Putin era and

reform in

regulation and

Soviet legacy and

state control/ownership and

structure and

subsidies and

supply and

taxation of

transportation and

US and

vertical integration and

wages and income and

world ranking for export of

WTO and

oligarchs

banking sector and

corruption and

financial and credit markets and

institutional performance and

Mikhail Khodorkovsky and

management and

mineral resources and

natural resources and

politics and

privatization and

regional issues and

rent management system and

resource rents and

wages and income and

ownership.

See

privatization

pension funds

perestroika era

armed forces and

corruption and

environmental regulation and

the Far East and

poverty and inequality in

reform and

Siberia and

See also

Gorbachev, Mikhail, era of

performance.

See

institutional performance

personal income tax (PIT)

federalism and

informal sector and

phytosanitary requirements

pipeline system

access to

China and

command economy and

Europe and

Gazprom and

institutional performance and

natural resources and

regional issues and

Siberia and

taxation and

US and

See also

oil and gas sector

PIT.

See

personal income tax (PIT)

planned economy.

See

centralization

pocket banks

policy.

See

government policy

politics/political rights

centralization and

corruption and

labor market and

oligarchs and

WTO and

Yukos and

pollution.

See

environmental regulation

popular trust.

See

consumer confidence

population.

See

demographics

poverty and inequality

agriculture and

bribery and

China and

collectivism and

competition and

compliance and

demographics and

education and

Europe and

financial crisis of 1998–2000 and

financial crisis of 2008–2009 and

GDP and

Gorbachev era and

growth and

informal sector and

institutional performance and

international community and

labor market and

liberalization and

middle class and

modern era and

monetary policy and

mortality rate and

perestroika era and

recession and

regional issues and

Soviet legacy and

Stalin era and

subsidies and

threshold for

trade and

transition and

US and

WTO and

See also

wages and income

power plants.

See

electricity sector

pricing.

See

subsidies

privatization

accounting standards and

aggregate effects of

agriculture and

Asia and

asset stripping and

auctions of

banking sector and

bureaucracy and

CIS and

competition and

concentration of

consolidation and

corporate governance and

corruption and

education and

enterprise management and

Europe and

the Far East and

foreign

Gazprom and

Gorbachev era and

health care system and

individual wealth and

investment and

management and

middle class and

mineral resources and

oil and gas sector and

oligarchs and

percent of GDP produced in

performance after

pipeline system and

power plants and

railways and

regional variations in

regulation and

rent seeking and

shareholder conflicts and

Siberia and

small business requirements and

social policy and

state control/ownership and

taxation and

total factor productivity and

transition and

transparency and

vertical of power and

wages and income and

Yeltsin era and

productivity

aggregate estimates

agriculture and

command economy and

Europe and

GDP and

growth and

industry-level estimates

monetary policy and

oil and gas sector and

privatization and

scientific

targets for

US and

WTO and

property/property rights

agriculture and

banking sector and

the Far East and

management and

Soviet legacy and

state control/ownership of

transferability and

Putin, Vladimir, era of

command economy and

corruption and

demographics and

federalism and

financial and credit markets and

foreign investment and

health care system and

investment and

military-industrial complex and

mineral resources and

oil and gas sector and

regional issues and

rent management system and

taxation and

trade and

transition and

WTO and

railways

access charges and

automotive sector and

bonds and

China and

commodities and

competition and

development of

Europe and

Freight One/Freight Two

freight tariffs and

infrastructure of

market power and

monopolies and

privatization and

reform of

Refservice and

regulation and

TransContainer and

US and

vertical integration and

Yeltsin era and

R&D.

See

research and development

recession

agriculture and

Asia and

bureaucracy and

China and

collectivism and

competition and

crime and

Europe and

GDP and

Gorbachev era and

institutions and

investment and

life expectancy and

market economy and

monetary policy and

regulation and

transition and

types of

wages and income and

Yeltsin era and

reform

agriculture and

armed forces and

banking sector and

development and

electricity sector and

environmental regulation and

the Far East and

foreign investment and

health care system and

institutional structure and

labor market

middle class and

military-industrial complex and

oil and gas sector and

perestroika era and

railways and

Siberia and

Soviet legacy and

Pyotr Stolypin and

taxation and

trade and

transition and

vertical integration and

WTO and

Yeltsin era and

Refservice

regional issues

bonds and

bureaucracy and

competition and

electricity sector markets and

the Far East and

federalism and

fiscal relationship with

funding and

Gazprom and

GDP and

geography and

growth and

health care system and

imperial legacy and

investment and

life expectancy and

Medvedev era and

migration and

oligarchs and

pipeline system and

poverty and inequality and

privatization and

Putin era and

regulation and

revenues and

Stalin era and

Yeltsin era and

regulation

banking sector and

command economy and

corporate governance and

corruption and

demographics and

electricity sector and

employment

federalism and

financial and credit markets and

health care system and

informal sector and

labor market and

life expectancy and

mineral resources and

modernization and

oil and gas sector and

privatization and

quality of life and

railways and

R&D and

recession and

regional issues and

taxation and

technology development and

trade and

transition and

US and

WTO and

rent.

See

rent management system

Brezhnev era and

decentralization of

Gorbachev era and

law enforcement and

medieval Russia and

military-industrial complex and

oligarchs and

Putin era and

recentralization of

Soviet legacy and

Stalin era and

Yeltsin era and

See also

resource rents

research and development (R&D)

agriculture and

China and

education and

employment and

Europe and

funding of

Gazprom and

GDP and

governmental policy and

gross expenditures on (GERD)

innovation and

investment and

knowledge transfer and

management and

military-industrial complex and

modernization and

natural resources and

organizational structure of

prior to transition

productivity in

regulation and

resource rents and

transition and

US and

wages and income and

resource rents

accounting standards and

agriculture and

asset stripping and

components of

defined

equity markets and

excess costs and

exploration and

formal categories of

GDP and

informal sector and

investment and

measuring

New Economic Policy and

oligarchs and

price subsidies and

privatization and

profits from

R&D and

structure and

taxation of

VAT and

See also

rent management system

RMS.

See

rent management system

Russian Railways.

See

railways

RZhD.

See

railways

sanitary/phytosanitary requirements

Sberbank

sciences

competition and

compliance and

education and

Europe and

governmental policy and

innovation and

modernization and

productivity in

tax code and

second economy.

See

informal sector

shadow economy.

See

informal sector

shareholder conflict

Siberia

agriculture and

China and

crime in

development and

exports and

geography of

gross regional product and

growth and

imperial legacy and

investment and

life expectancy and

natural resources and

perestroika era and

pipeline system and

reform and

Soviet legacy and

trade and

transition and

wages and income and

Yeltsin era and

See also

regional issues

small business

agriculture and

compliance and

optional tax base for

privatization and

taxation of

transitioning out of

turnover requirements and

WTO and

social policy

banking sector and

command economy and

creative destruction and

demographics and

drug delivery and

employment and

informal sector and

institutions and

labor market and

mineral resources and

poverty and inequality and

privatization and

regional development and

wages and income and

working hours and

Soviet legacy

accounting standards and

agriculture and

armed forces and

banking sector and

Chukotka and

command economy and

competition and

corruption and

crime and

electricity sector and

environmental regulation and

the Far East and

financial and credit markets and

GDP and

industrialization and

informal sector and

institutions and

investment and

life expectancy and

market economy and

military-industrial complex and

mineral resources and

modernization and

morbidity rate and

mortality rate and

natural resources and

oil and gas sector and

political rights and

poverty and inequality and

production targets and

property rights and

quality control and

recession and

reform and

rent management system and

Sberbank and

Siberia and

state-provided goods and

supply chain and

taxation and

transition and

US and

wages and income and

war communism and

stabilization.

See

macroeconomic stabilization

Stalin, Joseph, era of

military-industrial complex and

modernization and

mortality rate and

poverty and inequality and

regional issues and

rent management system and

See also

Soviet legacy

state control/ownership

agriculture and

arbitrage and

banking sector and

CIS and

corporate governance and

education and

the Far East and

financial and credit markets and

health care system and

management and

mineral resources and

oil and gas sector and

privatization and

property and

railways and

shareholder conflicts and

Siberia and

Stolypin, Pyotr

structure.

See

infrastructure

subsidies

agriculture and

education

Europe and

informal sector and

oil and gas sector and

poverty and inequality and

resource rents and

tariffs

Asia and

automotive sector and

Europe and

freight, railways and

WTO and

taxation

accounting standards and

agriculture and

arbitrage and

asset stripping and

CIS and

CIT and

competition and

compliance and

corruption and

diversification and

enterprise assets and

evasion of

evolution of

exports and

Gazprom and

GDP and

informal

investment and

mineral resources and

natural resources and

oil and gas sector and

optional base for

pipeline system and

political rivals and

private property and

privatization and

Putin era and

R&D and

reform of

regulation and

resource rents and

small business and

Soviet legacy and

structure of

transition and

turnover requirements and

tax code

federalism and

informal sector and

sciences and

technology sector

agriculture and

education and

environmental regulation and

Gazprom and

governmental policy and

innovation and

modernization and

morbidity rate and

productivity in

TFP.

See

total factor productivity

agriculture and

command economy and

GDP and

growth and

privatization and

trade

accession to WTO and

agriculture and

Asia and

automotive sector and

business services sector and

China and

CIS and

commodities and

corporate governance and

diversification and

EURASEC and

Europe and

the Far East and

GDP and

inspections and

liberalization of

poverty and inequality and

Putin era and

reform and

regulation and

Siberia and

US and

trade unions.

See

unions

TransContainer

transferability of property

transformation.

See

recession

transition

agriculture and

Asia and

banking sector and

CIS and

command economy and

commodities and

competition and

crime and

deregulation and

education and

Europe and

the Far East and

GDP and

Gorbachev era and

government policy and

growth and

health care system and

informal sector and

innovation and

institutions and

investment and

macroeconomic stabilization and

market reform and

modernization and

monetary policy and

poverty and inequality and

privatization and

Putin era and

R&D and

recession and

regulation and

Siberia and

Soviet legacy and

taxation and

volatility and

wages and income and

Yeltsin era and

transparency

transportation.

See

automotive sector

tsarist Russia.

See

imperial legacy

turnover limit

two-tiered wage structure

unemployment benefits

unions

command economy and

consumer confidence and

electricity sector and

Europe and

labor market and

modernization and

United States

agriculture and

banking sector and

corporate governance and

demographics and

education and

electricity sector and

employment and

environmental regulation and

financial and credit markets and

GDP and

industrialization and

Jackson-Vanik Amendment and

labor market and

military-industrial complex and

modernization and

oil and gas sector and

pension funds and

pipeline system and

poverty and inequality and

productivity and

railways and

R&D and

regulation and

sanitary/phytosanitary requirements and

Soviet legacy and

trade and

transparency and

urbanization and

wages and income and

unofficial economy.

See

informal sector

urbanization

value-added tax (VAT)

federalism and

resource rents and

VAT.

See

value-added tax (VAT)

vertical integration

mineral resources and

oil and gas sector and

railways and

VICs.

See

vertical integration

wages and income

agriculture and

banking sector and

bribery and

crime and

distribution of

education and

employment and

financial and credit markets and

flexibility of

geography and

growth and

informal sector and

institutional foundations and

institutions and

labor market and

liberalization and

minimum

modernization and

oil and gas sector and

oligarchs and

poverty and inequality and

privatization and

R&D and

recession and

regional development and

Siberia and

social policy and

Soviet legacy and

trade unions and

transition and

two-tiered structure of

unofficial economy and

US and

See also

poverty and inequality

war communism

World Trade Organization (WTO)

agriculture and

diversification and

EURASEC and

Europe and

foreign investment and

imports and

inspections and

international community and

Jackson-Vanik Amendment and

oil and gas sector and

political considerations re

poverty and inequality and

Vladimir Putin and

reform and

regulation and

service sector and

tariffs and

See also

trade

WTO.

See

World Trade Organization

Yeltsin, Boris, era of

banking sector and

command economy and

corporate governance and

corruption and

informal sector and

military-industrial complex and

mineral resources and

privatization and

railways and

recession and

regional issues and

rent management system and

transition and

Yukos

command economy and

corporate governance and

corruption

financial and credit markets and

institutional performance and

mineral resources and

natural resources and

oil and gas sector and

politics and

taxation and

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