Index

Political and religious leaders (caliphs, emperors, empresses, khans, kings, patriarchs, popes, princes, queens, saints, sultans) are grouped together to identify key names in the book. Selected life-dates and the length of reign for political rulers (r.) and ecclesiastical positions (popes and patriarchs) are included.

A Christian View on Climate Change377

A Europe of Values: The Ethical Dimension of the European Union377

A European Community of Solidarity and Responsibility378, 383

A Soul for Europe: Ethics and Spirituality292, 359

Abelard, Peter (1079–1142)89, 92

About-Picard law (2001)629

Abu Laban, Ahmad510

Academie française158

Accordo di Villa Madama (1984)674

Achbita313

Act of Union between England and Wales (1535)158

Act of Union between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801)648, 650

Action française625

Adenauer, Konrad357, 445, 464, 466, 473, 638

Advaita Vedānta540

Aegean Koiné (‘common language’)21–2, 27

Aelred of Rievaulx (1110–67)167

Aeneid28

Against Heresies160

Agobard, Archbishop of Lyons (d. 840)83

Akhundov, Mirza Fatali (1812–78)787

al-Albani, Sheikh Muhammad Nasiruddin (1914–99)506

al-Banna, Hassan (1906–49)xliv

Al-Nasser, Nassir Abdulaziz425

al Qaeda575

al-Qaradawi, Cheikh Yusuf504

Al Sharia wal Hayat504

al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abd (1703–92)505

Albanian Orthodox Churchxliv, 722

Alexander the Great (r. 336–23 bce)xxxiv, 19, 27

Alfayev, Metropolitan Hilarion301

Alfonsi, Petrus88

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)333

Alternative for Germany (Alternative für Deutschland) (AfD)207

Alvarus, Paulus of Córdoba84–5

Amaury, Arnaud, Abbot of Cîteaux (d. 1225)619

Amphilochia65–6

An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520)104

Anabaptistsxli, 107, 112, 161, 606

Andreae, Jakob (1528–90)xli

Andrén, Nils465

Anglicans, Anglicanism130, 474, 648, 653, 659–60, 716, 783

Anselm of Lucca’s Collectio canonum (c. 1083)45

Anthrakitis, Methodios128

Anti-Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij), The Netherlands (ARP)xv, 466, 470, 484

Anti-Sacrilege Act (1825)151

Antonescu, Ion719

Apáczai Csere, János607

Appelbaum, Diana Muir460

Aquinas, Thomas (1225–74)xxxix, 3, 92, 160

Arendt, Hannah181

Arethas of Caesarea66

Armenian Apostolic Churchxv, 785

Asclepius25

Ashkenazi82, 90, 138, 141, 519, 521, 524, 528–9, 786

Asiatic Society of Bengal536

Assembly of Jewish Notables526

Association of World Council of Churches related Development Organizations in Europe (APRODEV)xv, 374

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938)717, 750, 752

Athonite Academy127–8

Audientia litterarum contradictarum41

Augustine (354–430)xxxvi, 45, 80–1, 110, 157, 237, 254, 365

Auschwitz517, 638

Austrian People’s Party (Österreichische Volkspartei), Austria (ÖVP)xvii, 611

Avramopoulos, Dimitros300

Azaña, Manuel736

Azione Cattolica186

Bader, Veit263–4

Bakikhanov, Abbasgulu (1794–1847)787

Bannon, Steve302

Baptistsxv, 130, 474, 580, 660, 674, 698, 702, 770, 773

Bar Kokhba (c. 6 bc–136)28

Barrios Prieto, Father Manuel Enrique371

Barroso, José Manuel427, 451, 453

Barruel, Abbé Augustin (1741–1820)139

Barth, Karl (1886–1968)xliv, 169

Basis of the Social Concept (2000)xlvii, 245

Batavian Republic146

Batiashvili, Nutsa486–7

Battle of Bilá Hora (1620)107

Battle of Częstochowa (1655)162

Battle of Grunwald (1410)588

Battle of Kosovo (1389)xl, 717

Battle of Marignano (1515)619

Battle of Mohács (1526)606

Battle of Mühlberg (1547)105

Battle of Poitiers (732)xxxvii, 618

Battle of the Somme (1916)650

Battle of the White Mountain (1627)607

Battle of Tours (732)87

Battle of Vienna (1683)xlii, 3

Baudet, Thierry691

Baumgarten, Siegmund Jacob (1706–57)132

Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706)112, 129

Bayrak and others v. France411

Baz, Sheikh Abd al-Aziz ibn (1912–99)505

Becket, Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury (1162–70)xxxviii, 165, 169

Bede (d. 735)xxxvii, 166–7

Beeson, Trevor225

Being Christian in Western Europe (2018)278, 284, 456, 583, 680

Belcacemi and Oussar v. Belgium411

Belloc, Hilaire (1870–1953)462

ben Eliezer, Israel (1698–1760)521

ben Isaac, Solomon of Troyes90

ben Meir, Samuel90

ben Reuben, Jacob90

Benjamin of Tudela82

Berezin, Mabel182

Berger, Peter273, 422

Berkeley, George (1685–1753)130

Berlin Gold Hatxxxiv, 1–2

Berlusconi, Silvio329

Bernard de Fontaine, Abbot of Clairvaux (1090–1153)618

Bessarabian Metropolitanate239

Beza, Theodore (1519–1605)106

Bhagavad-Gitā537–8

Biassou, Georges (1741–1801)149

Bibliander, Theodore (1509–64)xli

Bielanski, Father Janusz237

Bielefeldt, Heiner343, 426

Bilde, Merete293, 338

Birnbaum, Nathan (1864–1937)xliv

Black Lives Matter14

Black Madonna of Częstochowa162

Blair, Tony656

Blanc, Louis (1811–82)152

Blavatsky, Helena (1831–91)538–9

Blemmydes, Nicephorus70

Bob, Clifford429

Bogomolism74

Bogomoljci724

Boko Haram346

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906–45)179–80, 191

Book of Common Prayer (1549)110, 159

Bossy, John108

Bougnaoui314

Boukman, Dutty (d. 1791)149

Bouyeri, Mohammed690

Boyarin, Daniel29, 530

Boyssett, Charles (1817–1901)152

Braga da Cruz, Manuel737

Bramante, Donato (1444–1514)xl

Breivik, Anders Behring706

Breteuil, Comte de151

Brexit referendum (2016). See United Kingdom European Union Brexit Referendum (2016)

Brezhnev, Leonid773

Briand, Aristide (1862–1932)624

Briçonnet, Guillaume, Bishop of Meaux (1516–34)619

British Foreign Office218, 464

British Social Attitudes Survey655

Bronze Age1–2, 19, 21–4, 27

Brown, Gordon656

Brown, Stewart146

Bruce, Steve273

Brunne, Eva, Bishop of Stockholm708

Bruno, Giordano (1548–1600)xli

Bucer, Martin (1491–1551)103

Buchenau, Klaus485

Buddhismxxiv, 535, 537–40, 542–3, 545–7, 579, 613, 676, 692, 702–3, 775

Buddhist Catechism (1881)539

Buenhombre, Alfonso79, 93

Bulgarian Orthodox Churchxlv, 237, 242, 720–1

Bulgarian Orthodox Church – Alternative Synod237, 725

Bullet, Jeannot (d. 1791)149

Bullinger, Heinrich (1504–75)103

Burchard of Worms (c. 1008–23)45

Bureau of European Policy Advisors (BEPA)xv, 293

Burnet, Bishop Gilbert (1643–1715)123

Burnouf, Eugène (1801–52)537

Buscarini and others v. San Marino407

Busek, Erhard491

Butler, Joseph (1692–1752)130

Buzek, Jerzy330, 375

Caesar, Julius (r. 88–44)xxxiv, 19

Caesarius, Bishop of Arles (502–42)51

Caesaropapism157, 765

Caetano, Marcelo736

Caliph Abd al-Rahman III of Córdoba (r. 929–61)xxxvii

Caliph al-Ḥakam II of Córdoba (r. 961‒76)83

Caliph al-Muqtadir of the Abbasid Caliphate (r. 908‒32)83

Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib of the Rashidun Caliphate (r. 656–61) and the first Imam of Shia Islam (r. 632–61)xxxvii

Caliph Harūn al-Rashīd of the Abbasid Caliphate (r. 786‒809)82

Caliph ’Umar of the Rashidun Caliphate (r. 634–44)84

Caliph Uthman ibn Affan of the Rashidun Caliphate (r. 644–56)xxxvii

Callahan, William733

Callistus, Andronicus (1400–86)73

Calvin, John (Jean) (1509–64) (and Calvinist Reformation)xli–xliii, 103, 106–8, 126, 131–2, 138, 143, 146, 168, 273, 459, 606–7, 609, 619, 635, 649, 653, 657, 684–5, 689–90

Cambridge Institute on Religion & International Studies (CIRIS)xv, 341

Campbell, Alastair656

Canalejas, José734

Canons of the Council of Trent (1564)113

Caritas Europa296, 374

Carnation Revolution (1974)738

Caro, Joseph (1488–1575)xli

Carpenter, Kirsty145

Caryl, Christian275

Casanova, José254–5, 273, 690

Castel, Charles-Irénée (Abbé de Saint-Pierre) (1658–1743)461

Castriot, George (Skanderberg) (1405–68)717

Castro, Américo86

Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Kyiv68

Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536)106, 649

Catherine of Siena (1347–80)xlv, 111

Catholic Emancipation Act (1829)650

Catholic International Education Office291

Catholic Relief Act (1791)650

Cavour, Camillo (1810–61)669–770

CEJI – A Jewish Contribution to an Inclusive Europe292, 296

Cénacle de Meaux619

Centesimus Annus (1991)378

Chansons de gestes87

Chao, J.K.T.429

Chappel, James179

Charlemagne. See King Karl (Charles) the Great

Chavchavadze, Ilia (1837–1907)787

Chazan, Robert82–3

Chiladarskii, Paisii (1722–73)722

Chinmoy, Sri542–3

Chomatianus, Demetrius70

Christian Democratic Appeal (Christen-Democratisch Appèl), The Netherlands (CDA)xv, 470

Christian Democratic and Flemish (Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams), Belgium (CD&V)xv, 196

Christian Democratic Union (Christlich-Demokratische Union), Germany (CDU)xv, 196, 206–7, 289, 470, 638, 643

Christian Historical Union (Christelijk-Historische Unie), The Netherlands (CHU)xv, 470

Christian Social Party (Parti Social-Chrétien), Belgium (PSC)xvii, 196

Christian Social Party (Christelijke Volkspartij), Belgium (CVP)xvi, 196

Christian Social People’s Party (Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei), Luxembourg (CSV)xvi, 196

Christian-Social Union (Christlich-Soziale Union), Germany (CSU)xvi, 196, 206–7, 638, 643

Christian Study Group on European Unity (CSGEU)xvi, 289

Christiani, Paul91

Christodoulos, Archbishop of Athens489, 493

Chumachenko, Tatiana221

Church of Englandxlii, xlvii, 130, 216, 218, 296–7, 471, 510, 554, 649–50, 652, 654–5, 660, 677

Church of Iceland700

Church of Norway698–700, 708

Church of Scotland218, 474, 649–50, 653–4, 656

Church of Sweden363, 699–700

Church of Wales650

Churchill, Winston233, 463

Cîrlan, Lucian490

Cistercians47–8, 50

Cîteaux Abbey48, 618–19

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)122, 141, 144, 148–50

Clarke, Samuel (1675–1729)130

Cleopatra VII Philopator (r. 51–30 bc)19

Clermont-Tonnerre, Count of (Stanislas Marie Adélaïde), (1747–92)526

Cohen, Jeremy80

Cohen, Mark84

Colebrooke, Henry Thomas (1765–1837)536

colegios concertados739

Collins, Anthony (1676–1729)130

Cologne Cathedral381

Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506)xl

Combes, Émile624

Commission of the Bishops’ Conferences of the European Community (COMECE)xv, 10, 291, 295–6, 298, 358, 360, 362, 369–85, 449–50, 453

Committee for Italian Islam (Comitato per l’Islam italiano)677

Committee of Union and Progress (Ittihat ve Terakki Fikrasi), Turkey (CUP)xvi, 749

Committee on the Christian Responsibility for European Cooperation (CCREC)xv, 289, 469

Common Agriculture Policy467

Communion and Liberation (Comunione e liberazione)674

Community of Sant’Egidio674

Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA)xv, 736

Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)xvi, 387–88

Conference of European Churches (CEC)xv, 10, 290, 296–8, 316, 354–68, 469

confessionismo cattolico668

Congress of Vienna (1814–15)683, 692

Conseil de réflexion sur l’islam en France (CORIF)xvi, 575

Conseil français du culte musulman (CFCM)xv, 575

Constant, Benjamin (1767–1830)151

Constitutio pro iudaeis81

Consultative Committee of Churches for the European Communities289

Contra legem Sarracenorum92

Coopération internationale pour le développement et la solidarité (CIDSE)xv, 290, 374

Córdobaxxxvii, 83–5, 396

corpus ecclesiae mysticum166

Corpus iuris canonici165

Corpus iuris civilis165

corpus reipublicae mysticum166

Çorum massacre (1980)754

Cosimo 1 de’ Medici (1519–74)3

Costa, Afonso735

Council for Italian Islam (Consulta per l’Islam italiano)677

Council for Relations with Italian Islam (Consiglio per le relazioni con l’Islam italiano)677

Council for Russian Orthodox Church Affairs (CROCA)xvi, 772

Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults, the Soviet Union (CARC)xv, 772

Council of Basel (1431–49)606, 619

Council of Bishops’ Conferences in Europe (CCEE)xv, 374

Council of Chalcedon (451)xxxvi, 64, 253, 786

Council of Churches of Evangelical Christians-Baptists, the Soviet Union (CC ECB)xv, 773

Council of Constance (1414–18)xl, 107, 167, 169, 605

Council of Constantinople (381)xxxvi, 44

Council of Europe289–90, 307, 317, 319, 361, 394, 400, 405, 412, 450, 463

Council of Florence (1431–49)766

Council of Trent (1545–63)xli, 104, 109, 111, 113, 440, 606, 667

Counter-Reformationxli, 9, 100–17, 120, 253, 441, 460, 588, 607

Coventry Cathedral274

COVID-19 pandemicxlviii, 14, 302

Cragg, Gerald R.126

Cranach the Elder, Lucas (c. 1472–1553)108

Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556)105–6

Craxi, Bettino674

Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)649

Cromwell, Thomas (1485–1540)105

Crusius, Martin (1524–1607)xli

cuius regio eius religioxli, 105, 256, 577, 635

Cunctos Populos (380)237

d’Ailly, Pierre43

d’Alembert, Jean-Baptiste le Rond (1717–83)3, 121

d’Holbach, Baron (1723–89)121

da Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi (c. 1525–94)109

Dahlab v. Switzerland411

Dahlke, Paul542

Dakir v. Belgium411

Daladier, Édouard626

Dalai Lama332, 422, 544, 547

Danish People’s Party (Dansk Folkeparti)706–7

das Neves, Jorge César293

Davie, Grace4, 311, 448, 577, 655–6, 658–9

Dawkins, Richard552

Dawson, Christopher (1889–1970)462

Day, Abby658

de Barante, Baron (1782–1866)151

de Béthune, Maximilien, Duke of Sully (1559–1641)461

de Bonald, Louis (1754–1840)122

de Chézy, Antoine-Léonard (1773–1832)536–7

De fide catholica contra Iudaeos82

de Gasperi, Alcide357, 445, 464, 473

de Gaulle, Charles463, 474, 627

De Jonghe, Etienne227

de las Casas, Bartolomé (1484–1566)442

de Maistre, Joseph (1753–1821)122, 461

de Rougemont, Denis289

de Sousa, António Teixeira734

de Tocqueville, Alexis140

de Villèle, Jean-Baptiste (1773–1854)151

de Vivar, Rodrígo Díaz (El Cid) (d. 1099)87

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)140–1, 143, 151, 257

Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (1981)426

Decretum Gratiani (c. 1140)161

Delanty, Gerard481

dell’Altissimo, Cristofano3

DellaPergola, Sergio528

Delors, Jacques10, 205, 287–8, 291–2, 298, 308, 311, 359, 383, 471, 473

Delumeau, Jean108

Demacopoulos, George482

Democratic Party (Demokrat Parti), Turkey (DP)xvi, 753–4

Denaut, Pierre, Bishop of Quebec (1743–1806)150

Depaigne, Vincent293

Dersim massacre (1937–1939)752

Destruction of the Second Temple (70 ce)28, 82

Deunov, Peter (1864–1944)719

Devi, Indra540

Dey, Hussein (1765–1838)xliii

Dharmapāla, Anagārika (1864–1933)538–40, 546

Dialogue with Trypho160

Dialogus contra Iudaeos88

Dialogus inter philosophum, iudaeum, et christianum89

Dictatus papae38

Diderot, Denis (1713–84)3, 121, 125, 620

dina de’malkhuta dina526

Dinter, Artur (1876–1948)190

Disciplina Clericalis88

Discretion and Valour (1973)225

Disputatio Christiani cum Gentili (c. 1093)88

Disputatio Iudei et Christiani (c. 1092)88

Disputation of Barcelona (1263)xxxix, 92

Ditchfield, Simon104

Dobbelaere, Karel689

Dogru v. France411

Dominicans (the Order of Preachers)91, 149, 374

Donatus, Bishop of Carthage, (c. 4^th century)237

Donin, Nicholas91

du Plessis-Mornay, Philippe (1549–1623)106

Dublin III Regulation 604 (2013)242

Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528)108

Durkheim, Emile5, 553

Dutch Reformed Church684

Ebrahimian v. France411

Eckart, Dietrich (1868–1923)190

Ecumenical Centre in Brussels290, 358

Ecumenical Commission on European Cooperation (ECEC)xvi, 289, 298, 469

Ecumenical Commission for Church and Society in the European Communities (ECCSEC)xvi, 358

Edict of Milan (313)xxxv, 236

Edict of Nantes (1598)xli–xlii, 138, 169, 257, 620

Egregiae Virtutis (1980)446

Eichmann, Adolf611

Eire, Carlos605

Eisagoge (also called the Epanagoge)62

El Cantar del Mio Cid (The Song of My Cid/ Lord)87

El-Hussain, Omar Abdel Hamid707

Elie Wiesel Commission Final Report (2004)240

Eliot, T.S.165

Eliyahu of Vilna, Rabbi (1720–97)521

Elton, Geoffrey412–13

Emir Abd al-Rahman I of Córdoba (r. 756–788)xxxvii

Emperor Alexander III of the Russian Empire (r. 1881–94)769

Emperor Alexius IV Angelos of the Byzantine Empire (r. 1203–4)70

Emperor Alexius V Doukas of the Byzantine Empire (r. 1204)70

Emperor Augustus of the Roman Empire (r. 27 bce–14 ce)27, 32

Emperor Basil I the Macedonian of the Byzantine Empire (r. 867–86)75

Emperor Charles IV of the Holy Roman Empire (r. 1346–78)440, 605

Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (r. 1519–56)xl, 105–6

Emperor Constantine I the Great of the Roman Empire (r. 306–37)xxxv, 32, 236–7, 440, 666

Emperor Constantine V Copronymus of the Byzantine Empire (r. 741–75)63

Emperor Constantine VI of the Byzantine Empire (r. 780–97)63

Emperor Constantius II of the Roman Empire (r. 337–61)31

Emperor Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire (r. 1619–37)607

Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen of the Holy Roman Empire (r. 1220–50)xxxviii–xxxix, 42, 86, 666

Emperor Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire (r. 610–41)75

Emperor Isaac II Angelos of the Byzantine Empire (r. 1185–95 and 1203–4)70

Emperor Joseph II of the Holy Roman Empire (r. 1765–90)xlii, 122, 133, 147, 519, 606–8

Emperor Julian ‘the Apostate’ of the Roman Empire (r. 361–3)xxxvi, 27, 32

Emperor Justinian the Great of the Byzantine Empire (r. 527–65)xxxvi, 29, 61–2, 75, 602

Emperor Leo III the Isaurian of the Byzantine Empire (r. 717–41)63, 75

Emperor Leo IV the Khazar of the Byzantine Empire (r. 775–80)63

Emperor Leo V the Armenian of the Byzantine Empire (r. 813–20)64

Emperor Leo VI the Wise of the Byzantine Empire (r. 886–912)75

Emperor Leopold II of the Holy Roman Empire (r. 1790–1792)147

Emperor Licinius of the Roman Empire (r. 308–24)xxxv

Emperor Michael I Rangabe of the Byzantine Empire (r. 811–13)64

Emperor Michael III of the Byzantine Empire (r. 842–867)66

Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte of the French Empire (r. 1804–14; 1815), First Consul of France (r. 1799–1804)xlii–xliii, 128, 143–5, 147–8, 151–2, 526, 609, 622, 669, 683, 783

Emperor Napoleon III of the French (r. 1852–70), President of France (1848–52)152, 622–3

Emperor Nero of the Roman Empire (r. 54–68)xxxv

Emperor Nicholas I of the Russian Empire (r. 1825–55)768

Emperor Nicholas II of the Russian Empire (r. 1894–1917)769

Emperor Otto I of the Holy Roman Empire (r. 936‒73)83

Emperor (Tsar) Peter the Great of the Russian Empire (r. 1682–1725)xlii, 223, 787

Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos of the Byzantine Empire (r. 920–44)68

Emperor Rudolph II of the Holy Roman Empire (r. 1576–1612)107

Emperor (Tsar) Symeon of the Bulgarian Empire (r. 893–927)67

Emperor Theodosius I the Great of the Roman Empire (r. 379–95)xxxvi, 237

Emperor Theophilos of the Byzantine Empire (r. 829–42)64

Emperor Vespasian of the Roman Empire (r. 69–79)28

Emperor Wilhelm I of the German Empire (r. 1871–1888), King of Prussia (1861–88)636

Empress Catherine II the Great of the Russian Empire (r. 1762–96)121, 124–5, 767

Empress Elizabeth of the Russian Empire (r. 1741–61)124–5

Empress Irene of the Byzantine Empire (r. 797–802)63

Empress Maria Theresa of the Holy Roman Empire (r. 1745–65)122, 607

Empress Theodora (regent of her son, Michael III) of the Byzantine Empire (r. 842–55)64–5

Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers4

Engelhardt, Bishop Klaus287

English Civil War (1642–5)649

Epic of Gilgameshxxxiii

Epistola rabbi Samuel de Fez de aduentu Messiae missa ad rabbi Isaac79

Erasmus of Rotterdam (c. 1469–1536)102, 606, 619

Erhard, Ludwig466

Eshliman, Nikolai773

Estado Novo737

Estonian Orthodox Church597

Estonian Orthodox Church in Exile592, 597

EU Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief (EUFoRB)xvi, 294, 348–9

Eunomius of Cyzica72

Eurobarometer269, 472

Eurodiaconia296, 374

European Bahá’í Business Forum292

European Catholic Centre (Foyer Catholique Européen), Brussels290, 295, 450

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)xvi, xlv, 289–90, 294, 297, 371, 462–4, 474, 627

European Commission and Civil Society (CONECCS)316

European Committee for Catholic Education291

European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR)xvi, 333

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)xvi, xlvii, 10, 261, 307–9, 311–14, 319–21, 386, 388–9, 391, 403–17, 571

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)xvi, 10, 13, 264, 308, 392, 395, 398, 403–19, 569, 567, 675

European Economic Community (EEC)xvi, 287, 357, 463, 681

European Ecumenical Commission for Church and Society (EECCS)xvi, 290, 292, 358, 360–1

European Ecumenical Commission on Development291

European Evangelical Alliance297, 471

European External Action Service (EEAS)xvi, 9, 293, 302, 338–53

European Free Trade Association (EFTA)xvi, 463

European Humanist Federation292, 296–7, 316, 360

European Jewish Congress292, 296

European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument317

European Parliament (EP)xvi, 3, 9, 205, 208, 291, 293–4, 299, 302, 313, 324–37, 360, 362, 375, 379, 383, 446–7, 467, 470–3

European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)xvi, 333

European People’s Party (EPP)xvi, 204–5, 207–8, 292, 317, 324, 329, 331–3

European Social Survey (ESS)xvi, 551, 555–6

European Union of Jewish Students292, 297

European Values Study (EVS)xvi, 270, 554, 689, 789

European Year of Intercultural Dialogue (2008)331–2

EuropeInfos372, 377, 382

Evangelical Church in Germany (Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland) (EKD)xvi, xlv, xlvii, 289, 292, 295–7, 300, 638, 642–3

Evangelical Lutheran Churchxlvii, 697–8

Evans, Pippa559

Eybel, Joseph Valentin (1741–1805)132

Fanon, Frantz213

Feder, Gottfried184

Federation of Evangelical Religious Entities of Spain (FEREDE)xvi, 574, 741

Federation of Jewish Communities of Spain (FJCE)xvii, 574–5

Fénelon (François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon), Archbishop of Cambrai (1695–1715)120

Ferrari, Silvio261, 263–5

Ferry, Jules (1832–93)xliii, 623

Ferry Laws (1881–2)152

Fianna Fáil – the Republican Party651–2

Fidesz – the Hungarian Civic Alliance195, 207–8, 329

Figeľ, Ján294, 349

Fioretti53

Fischer, Jean359

Fisher, John Bishop of Rochester (1469–1535)105

Fitzsimmons, Michael140

Focolare movement674

Fondation de l’Islam de France630

Fondation des œuvres de l’Islam de France630

Formula Consensus131

Fortuyn, Pim281, 681

Forum of European Muslim Youth and Student Organizations292

Forward Studies Unit (Cellule de prospective) (FSU)xvii, 292

Fourth Crusade (1204)xxxviii, 12, 40, 67, 69–71

Franciscansxl, 49–50, 53–4, 91, 104, 126

Franco, Francisco (1892–1975)180, 226, 260, 735–8

François, Duc d’Alençon and Anjou (1555–84)106

Frankel, Zecharias (1801–75)524

Frauenkirche in Dresden274

Frederick the Wise, the Elector of Saxony (1463–1525)105

Freedom of religion and belief (FoRB)xvii, 10, 327, 330–1, 339, 343, 347–50, 386, 389–95, 398–400, 404, 418

Freedom of Religion or Belief and Security: Policy Guidance (2019)10, 398

Gallican Articles (1682)139

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1869–1948)541

Ganiel, Gladys659

Geiger, Abraham (1810–74)523–4

Genealogia regum Anglorum167

Genovesi, Antonio (1713–69)121, 132

Gentile, Emilio179

Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC)xvii, 785, 787

Geremek, Bronislaw488

German-Austrian Republic (1918–9)611

German Democratic Republic (GDR)xvii, xlvi, 237, 356, 557, 638

German Islam Conferences (Deutsche Islam Konferenz)572

German Peasants’ War (1524–6)107

Gerson, Jean43

Gesta Pontificum Anglorum167

Gesta Regnum Anglorum167

Gilbert of Crispin, Abbot of Westminster88

Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry308, 311, 489

Gitelman, Zvi523

giurisdizionalismo668

glasnostʹ and perestroika227, 388, 773

Glemp, Cardinal Jozef299

Global Exchange on Religion in Society294

Gobalakichenane, M.150

Gonçalves Cerejeira, Manuel, Cardinal-Patriarch of Lisbon (1929–72)736

Good Friday Agreement (1998)659–60

Gorbachev, Mikhailxlvi, 224, 227, 593, 773–4

Graf, Fritz33

Graham, Billy653

Granadaxxxix, xl, 85–7, 92, 94

Gratian’s Decretum (c. 1140)45, 161

Great Schism (1054)xxxviii, 69–70, 253–4, 481, 483, 604, 715, 765

Greek Catholic churchesxli, 234, 769–70, 772, 774, 779

Green, Abigail527

Grégoire, Abbé Henri (1750–1831)149

Gregorian calendar597, 621

Gregory of Tours167

Grew, Raymond145

Griffin, Roger179

Group of Political Advisors to the European Commission (GOPA)xvii, 292

Grubb, Kenneth289

Gueth, Anton W.F. (1878–1957)540

Guidelines for Review of Legislation Pertaining to Religion or Belief (2004)394

Guidelines on the Legal Personality of Religious or Belief Communities (2014)397

Habermas, Jürgen7, 252, 265, 318

Hagia Sophiaxlviii, 65, 68–70, 483

Haitian Revolution149

Halevi, Judah89, 92

Hamerly, Ivy468

Ḥāmid al-Gharnāṭi, Abū (1080–1170)86

Hamidian Massacres (1894–6)749

Hannibal (d. 183/181 bce)19

Hasidismxlii, 521

Haskalah133, 522–3

Hassoun, Ahmad Bader, Grand Mufti of Syria332

Hastings, Adrian275

Hazard, Paul118

Heath, Edward465

Heelas, Paul655

Hegel, Friedrich (1770–1831)137, 178, 536

Heinemann, Gustav289

Hellemans, Staf687

Hellenism (330–31 bce)19, 27, 34

Helsinki Final Act (1975)387–8

Helvétius, Claude Adrien (1715–71)121

Henri of Navarre (1553–1610)106

Henry of Huntingdon (1080–1160)167

Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744–1803)536

Herman of Carinthia88

Herodotus23, 127

Herrigel, Eugen542

Hesiod23–4

Hirsch, Samson Raphael (1808–88)524

Hirsi Ali, Ayaan281, 573, 690

Historia Anglorum167

Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (c. 731)166

History of the Franks167

Hitler, Adolfxliv, 178, 181, 188–90, 215, 591, 637

Hoffman, Melchior (1495–1543)107

Hollerich, Jean-Claude, Cardinal S.J.371

Homeyer, Josef, Bishop of Hildesheim371

Hotman, François (1524–90)106

House of European History, Brussels3

Hovorun, Cyril490

Hrabanus Maurus51

Humbert, Cardinal of Moyenmoutier (c. 1000/1015–61)xxxviii, 70

Hume, David (1711–76)130

Huntington, Samuel225, 482, 491

Hus, Jan (1369–1415)xl, 107, 605, 609

Hussites107, 605–6

Iakunin, Gleb773

Ibn Ezra, Moses87

Ibn Faḍlān83, 89

Ibn Nagrella, Samuel85

Ibn Shapruṭ, Shem Tov90

Ibn Yaʿqūb al-Isrāʾīlī al-Ṭurṭūshī, Ibrāhīm83

Ieronymos II, Archbishop of Athens300

Ignatius of Loyola (1491–1556)111

Iliad23–4

Imitatio Christixl, 111

Immortali Dei (1885)199

Imperial Library of Constantinople12

Index librorum prohibitorum120

Indiculus luminosus85

Inglis, Tom659

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)xvii, 377

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)xvii, 386–9, 391

International Social Survey Programme (ISSP)xvii, 270, 554

International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)xvii, 542–3

Invernizzi-Accetti, Carlo195, 206–7

Iordache, Romanița490

Iranian Revolution (1979)6, 276, 339

Irenaeus (c. 130–202)160

Irish Republican Army (IRA)xvii, 651

Irish War of Independence (1919–21)648, 651

Iṣḥāq al-Ilbīrī, Abū85

Isidore, Bishop of Seville82

Islahat Fermani (1856)748

Islamic State (Daesh)xlviii, 241, 343, 349, 575, 706

Ismail I, Shah (1487–1524)786

Istanbul pogrom (1955)xlv, 753

Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano), Italy (PCI)219, 226, 670

Ivo of Chartres (c. 1094–1116)45

Iyengar, B.K.S.540, 547

Jānis (Pommers), Archbishop (1921–34)591

Jansen, Cornelius (Jansenius) (1585–1638)620

Jansen, Thomas292

Jansenism119–20, 122, 138, 620

Jaurès, Jean (1859–1914)624

Jędraszewski, Marek, Archbishop of Kraków301

Jehovah’s Witnesses264, 316, 346, 580, 629, 676–7, 776

Jesuit European Social Centre (JESC)xvii, 371–2, 374, 450

Jesuits. See Society of Jesus

Jesus prayer71

Jewish revolts28

Joas, Hans7

Johannis, Klaus716

John of Damascus (c. 675/676–749)61, 63, 65

Jonas, Regina (1902–44)529

Jones, Sanderson559

Jones, William (1746–94)536

Joppke, Christian264

Joxe, Pierre575

Julian of Norwich (1342—c.1416)111

Juncker, Jean-Claude293–4, 362, 451

Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi), Turkey (AKP)xv, 747, 755–9

Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy510, 573, 705

Kádár, János611

Kaiser, Wolfram205

Kaldellis, Anthony60, 76

Kalischer, Zvi Hirsch (1798–1874)527

Kalyvas, Stathis196–7, 206

Kantorowicz, Ernst166

Kanun-i Esasi (1876)748

Karpov, Georgii215

Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938)213

Kazimierz Łyszczyński Foundation (KLF)xvii, 559, 562–3

Kempis, Thomas à (1380–1471)xl, 111

Kerr, Philip Henry, Lord Lothian (1882–1940)462

Kershaw, Ian181

Kertzer, David186

Khan Boris I of the Bulgarian Empire (r. 852–89)67

Khan Krum of Bulgaria (r. 803–14)64

Khema, Ayya542

Khomeini, Ayatollah339

Khomiakov, Aleksei768

Khrushchev, Nikitaxlv, 180, 222, 224, 773

Kiivit, Jaan, Bishop593

King Alfonso IX of León and Galicia (r. 1188–1230)42

King Alfonso X of Castile, León and Galicia (r. 1252–84)93

King Alfonso XIII of Spain (r. 1902–31)735

King Carloman I of the Franks (r. 768–71)xxxvii

King Charles Albert (Carlo Alberto) of Sardinia (r. 1831–49)670

King Charles I of England (r. 1625–49)112, 649

King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland (r. 1660–85)xlii, 649

King Charles III of Spain (r. 1759–88)731

King Charles IV of Luxembourg (r. 1346–78)42

King Charles IV of Spain (r. 1788–1808)144, 149

King Charles VII of France (r. 1422–61)619

King Charles X of France (r. 1824–30)151, 622

King Christian III of Denmark (r. 1534–59) and of Norway (r. 1537–59)460

King Clovis of the Franks (r. 481–511)xxxvi, 618

King Coloman the Learned of Hungary (r. 1095–1116)86

King David IV the Builder of Georgia (r. 1089–1125)786

King Edward VI of England (r. 1547–53)106

King Ferdinand II of Aragon (r. 1479–1516)731

King Francis I of France (r. 1515–47)158

King Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740–86)121

King Gustav I Vasa of Sweden (r. 1523–60)460

King Henry II of England (r. 1154–89)158, 165–6, 169

King Henry II of France (r. 1547–59)619

King Henry III of France (r. 1574–89)112

King Henry IV of France (r. 1589–1610)xli, 112, 169, 461, 620

King Henry VIII of England (r. 1509–47)xli, 104–6, 111, 169, 460, 649

King Hugues Capet of the Franks (r. 987–96)618

King Géza II of Hungary (r. 1141–62)86

King James II of England, Scotland and Ireland (r. 1685–1701)139, 649

King James VI of Scotland (r. 1566–1625) (as James I of the Union of the Scottish and English Crowns, r. 1603–1625)649

King James Bible (1611)159

King Joseph I the Reformer of Portugal (r. 1750–77)732

King Juan Carlos of Spain (r. 1975–2014)739

King Karl (Charles) the Great (Charlemagne) (King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor from 800 to 814), (r. 768–814)xxxvii, 2, 33, 67, 82, 87, 165, 204, 439, 483, 603, 618

King Ladislaus I of Hungary (r. 1077–95)86

King Louis IX of France (r. 1226–70)xxxix, 40, 162, 166, 618

King Louis XIV the Great (the Sun King) of France (r. 1643–1715)120, 139, 169, 620

King Louis XVIII of France (r. 1814–15; 1815–24)151

King Louis the Pious (King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813) (r. 813–840)48, 82, 84

King Louis Philippe I of the French (r. 1830–48)152

King Mindaugas of Lithuania (r. 1253–63)588

King Mirian III of Iberia (r. 284–361)785

King Oswiu of Northumbria (r. 654–70)xxxvii

King Philip II of Spain (r. 1556–98)112, 460

King Philip IV the Fair of France (r. 1285–1314)165

King Philip Augustus of the Franks (r. 1180–90), King of France (r. 1190–1223)618

King Pippin the Short of the Franks (r. 751–68)618

King Richard II of England (r. 1377–99)605

King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (r. 1548–72)108

King Sisebut of the Visigoths (r. c. 565–621)xxxvi, 81

King Trdat III of Armenia (r. 298–c. 330)785

King William of England, Scotland and Ireland (r. 1689–1702)649

King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) of Poland (r. 1386–1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania (r. 1377–1401)588

Kirchenasyl643

Kircher, Athanasius (1602–80)536

Knippenberg, Hans573

Knox, John (c. 1514–72)xli, 649

Kohl, Helmut205, 473

Kohnstamm, Max289

Kokkinakis v. Greece13, 408, 410

Köse and 93 others v. Turkey411

Kravchuk, Leonid776–7

Krishna, Tamal542

Kruijt, J.P.685

Kuchma, Leonid777

Kulturkampf160, 190, 196, 214, 441, 636

Kundera, Milan488

Kuyper, Abraham (1837–1920)684–5, 687

Kyprianos the Cypriot127

La Mettrie, Julien Offray de (1709–51)121

Lacroix, Jean-Louis292, 471

l’affaire du foulardxlvi, 281, 569, 631

laïcité152, 259, 308, 373, 411, 552, 575, 617, 621, 623–5, 628, 631–2, 636

laiklik749–50

Lamourette, Antoine-Adrien (1742–94)132

landesherrliche Kirchenregiment637

Latawski, Paul239

Lateran Councilsxxxviii, 41, 44, 48, 91, 93

Lateran Pacts (1929)xliv, 185–6, 190, 260, 576, 665, 671–4

Lauritzen, Frederick62

Lautsi v. Italyxlvii, 576, 675

Lautsi, Soile Tuulikki576

Law and Justice Party (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość), Poland (PiS)xvii, 247, 301, 382

Law of Papal Guarantees (Legge delle Guarentigie) (1871)669

Law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, France (1905)734

Lay Folk’s Mass Book54

Lebensgestaltung, Ethik, Religionskunde (LER)xvii, 642

Lee, Lois553

Lefebvre, Mgr. Marcel (1905–91)xlvi

Lefèvre d’Etaples, Jacques (c. 1455–c. 1536)619

Legg, Keith491

legge sui culti ammessi (1929)672, 677

leggi razziali (1938–43)672

Legion of the Archangel Michaelxliv, 722

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716)129, 535–6

Lenders, Marc290

Leo, Archbishop of Ohrid (d. 1056)70

Leo the Deacon62

Les aventures de Télémaque120

lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender+ (LGBT+)xvii, 247, 301, 410, 448, 759

Leustean, Lucian N.5, 469

Levshin, Platon (d. 1812)124, 133

Leyla Şahin v. Turkey415

Liaison Office of the Orthodox Church to the European Union292, 296

Liber Historiae Francorum167

Lijphart, Arend685, 687

Living Together as Equals in Dignity (2008)317

Llibre del gentil i dels tres savis92

Llull, Ramon92

Locke, John (1632–1704)112, 127, 129–30, 257, 265

Lukashenka, Alyaksandr779

Luther, Martin (1483–1546)xl, 92, 102–11, 158, 161, 412–13, 459, 605–6

Lutheran Augsburg Confession (1530)xli, 113

Lutheran World Foundation593

Luyckx, Marc292

McCrea, Ronan307, 311, 318

McGregor, Allan Bennett (1872–1923)539–40

McManners, John137–8, 140

Macmillan, Harold465

Macron, Emmanuel631–2

Mahā Bodhi Society539

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi542

Mahillon, Pierre289

Major, John205, 467

Makarios III, Archbishop (1913–77)783

Malalas, John67

Manning, Cardinal Henry Edward (1865–92)462

Manz, Felix (1498–1527)112

Maraş massacre (1978)754

Marcionism159

Mardin, Şerif752

Maritain, Jacques (1882–1973)179–80, 191

Maronites784

Marsilius of Paduaxxxix, 43

Martí, Ramon92

Martin, David (1929–2019)v, vii, 7–8, 12, 165, 253, 272–3, 481

Martyr, Justin (100–65)xxxv, 160

Marx, Karl (1818–83)5, 653

Mary of Oignies50

Mashtots, Mesrop786

Matthijs, Jan (1500–34)107

Maurras, Charles (1868–1952)184

Maximam Gravissimamque (1924)625

May, Theresa656

Mein Kampf (1925)189

Melanchthon, Philip (1497–1560)xli

Members of the European Parliament (MEPs)xvii, 323–7, 331–2, 342, 348, 473

Mendelssohn, Moses (1729–86)132–3

Mennonites161, 683, 716

Merkel, Angela207, 467, 473

Meta, Ilir725

Methodists130, 146, 474, 660, 674, 698, 702

Me-Too movement14

Michelangelo (1475–1564)xl

Micu-Klein, Inocențiu, Bishop (1692–1768)722

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)xvii, 424

millet system717, 747

Mindszenty, Cardinal József (1945–1973)xlv

Mishnahxxxv, 524

Mitnagdim521

MIVILUDES (Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires)629

Modood, Tariq570

Mogherini, Federica294, 372

Moisiodax, Iosipos (1725–1800)132

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939)591

Moltmann, Jürgen638

Monastery of Polychron66

Moñino y Redondo, Jose, Count de Floridablanca144

Monnet, Jean (1888–1979)357, 458, 465–6, 627

Monsma, Steven639

Montagu, Lily (1873–1963)529–30

Montesquieu (1689–1755)120

Monteverdi, Claudio (1567–1643)109

Moore, R.I.91

More, Thomas (1478–1535)xli, 105, 169

Morel, Jean-Claude292

Moriscosxli, 94, 731

Mortalium animos (1928)218

Mother Teresa (1910–97)xlvi, 716

Mount Athosxxxvii, 71, 73, 126–7, 310, 487, 714, 724–5

Muhammad. See Prophet Muhammad

Mühlhausen, Yom-Ṭov Lipman90

Müller, Jan-Werner195

Müller, Max (1823–1900)537

Müntzer, Thomas (1489–1525)107

Muratori, Lodovico Antonio (1672–1750)121, 132

Murder in the Cathedral165

Muslim Council for Cooperation in Europe296

Muslim Council of Britainxvii, 301, 572–3

Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945)183, 185–9, 671–2

Myrdal, Alva699

Myrdal, Gunnar464

Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930)188–9

Nasser, Gamal Abdel339

National Pact for an Italian Islam (Patto nazionale per un Islam italiano)677

National Rally (Ralliement national)632

National Socialism184, 188, 611

National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)xvii, 190

Neto, Vítor733

Neues Museum, Berlin1–2

Newman, Cardinal John Henry (1879–1890)461–2

Nicene Creedxxxvi, 43–4, 483

Nicholas of Lyra (d. 1349)90

nicolaitism48

Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900)181, 536–7

nirvāņa537

Nkrumah, Kwame213

Noël, Émile291

Nones, religious553, 555–7, 559, 581, 688, 692–3, 701–2

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)xvii, 317, 326, 342, 344, 397, 426, 429

Nordhagen Ottosen, Morten147

Nordic Collaborative Research Project (NORDCORP)xvii, 697

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)xvii, 219, 221, 356, 387, 463, 492, 556, 753, 785

Northern Ireland, The Troubles, (c. 1968–98)651, 656–7, 659

Northern League (Lega Nord), Italy301, 675

Norwegian Humanist Association (NHA)xvii, 559, 561–2, 702

Norwegian Labour Party699

Novum Instrumentum102

Nydahl, Hannah (1946–2007)542

O Béara, Fearghas294

O’Connell, James271, 551

O’Malley, John104

Obama, Barack349

Obolensky, Dimitri60, 75, 765

Obradović, Dositej (1739–1811)722

Obrigkeitsstaat636, 638

Odyssey23–4

Oecolampadius, Johannes (1482–1531)103

Of theocracy128

Office catholique d’information sur les problèmes de l’Europe (OCIPE)xvii, 290, 295, 371, 450

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)xvii, 393–400

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)xvii, 425–6

Olcott, Henry Steel (1832–1907)539

Old Calendarists719

Olin, John C.104

Omkarananda, Swami542

On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church102

Opera dei Congressi670

Opus Dei737

Oracle of Delphi24

Orbán, Viktor208, 242, 301, 329, 382

Organization for Islamic Cooperation431

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)xvii, 10, 307, 349, 387–402

Orlandi, Emanuela675

Orthodox Church of Greecexliii, 297, 718–19, 721, 724–5, 727, 752

Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU)xvii, 487, 778

Ostpolitik220

Otto, Rudolf162

Our Lady of Medjugorje715

Oymen, Onur488

Pacem in terris (1963)221

Pact of Omar84

pagoda Khánh Anh545

pagoda Viên Giác545

Pais, Sidónio735

Paisley, Ian464, 470, 657

Palacký, František (1798–1876)609

Palamas, Gregory (c. 1296–c. 1357/1359)xxxix, 71–3

Pāli Text Society539

Palmer, Robert R.144, 147

Pamblekis, Christodoulos128

Papal states40, 145, 623, 666–7

Papanikolaou, Aristotle482

Papillon, Jean-François (d. c. 1800)149

Paramahamsa, Rāmakrishna (1836–86)540

Paris Commune (1871)152

Pashazadeh, Allahshukur789

Passional Christi und Antichristi109

Pastor aeternus (1870)441

Patriarch Adrian of the Russian Orthodox Church (1690–1700)123

Patriarch Aleksii II (Ridiger) of the Russian Orthodox Church (1990–2008)774–5, 777

Patriarch Anthony IV of Constantinople (1389–90; 1391–7)73

Patriarch Arsenius of Constantinople (1261–5)70

Patriarch Bartholomew (Archontonis) I of Constantinople (1991-)242, 300, 361, 364, 597, 777–8

Patriarch Cyril I Loukaris of Constantinople (1612; 1620–3; 1623–33; 1633–4; 1634–5; 1637–8)xli–xlii, 126, 716

Patriarch Cyril VI of Constantinople (1813–8)129

Patriarch Dositheus II of Jerusalem (1669–1707)xlii

Patriarch Filaret (Denysenko) of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church—Kyiv Patriarchate (1995–2018; 2019–)777

Patriarch German of the Serbian Orthodox Church (1958–90)723

Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople (1797–8; 1806–8; 1818–21)xliii, 128, 717

Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople (1572–9; 1580–4; 1587–95)xli, 716

Patriarch Jeremias III of Constantinople (1716–26, 1733)123

Patriarch Job of the Russian Orthodox Church (1589–1605)766

Patriarch John the Grammarian of Constantinople (837–43)65

Patriarch Joseph I of Constantinople (1266–75; 1282–3)70

Patriarch Justinian of the Romanian Orthodox Church (1948–77)723

Patriarch Kallinikos V of Constantinople (1801–6; 1808–9)129

Patriarch Kirill (Gundaev) of the Russian Orthodox Church (2009-)775–7

Patriarch Maxim of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (1971–2014)237

Patriarch Methodius I of Constantinople (843–7)65

Patriarch Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople (1043–59)xxxviii, 70

Patriarch Nikon of the Russian Orthodox Church (1652–66)766

Patriarch Philotheos Kokkinos of Constantinople (1353–4; 1364–76)69, 73

Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople (858–67; 877–86)xxxvii, 65–7

Patriarch Pimen of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church – Alternative Synod; Metropolitan of Nevrokop (1992–9)725

Patriarch Pimen of the Russian Orthodox Church (1970–90)774

Patriarch Seraphim II of Constantinople (1757–61)127

Patriarch Sergii (Starogodskii) of the Russian Orthodox Church (1943–4), Patriarchal locum tenens (1925–43)771–2

Patriarch Tikhon (Bellavin) of the Russian Orthodox Church (1917–25)770–1

Päts, Konstantin591

Patto Gentiloni (1913)670

Paul, Bishop of Burgos90

Pavelić, Ante (1889–1959)722

Pax Christi227

Payne, Stanley179

Peace of Augsburg (1555)xli, 105, 112, 114, 159, 167, 256, 386, 635

Peace of Kutná Hora (1485)107

Peace of Westphalia (1648)xlii, 12, 112, 138, 159, 165, 167, 169–70, 256, 386, 461, 568, 570, 577

Penn, William (1644–1718)461

Penslar, Derek522

Pentecostal European Fellowship297, 471

Pérez-Agote, Alfonso740

Perkins, William (1558–1602)103

Pétain, Marshal Philippe (1856–1951)626

Peter the Venerable of Cluny (d. 1156)xxxviii, 88

Petrov, Gabriel, Metropolitan of Novgorod124

Petrović-Njegoš, Petar II (1813–51)718

Pew Research Center235, 238, 270, 278, 502, 573, 676, 689, 703, 718, 741

Peyronnet, Pierre-Denis (1778–1854)151

Phaido133

Pharmakides, Theoklitos (1784–1860)722

Philip, André289, 469

phylethism577

Pietas Austriaca607

Pietists130, 147, 716

pillarization (verzuiling)682, 684–8, 693

Piłsudski, Józef (1867–1935)180

Pincus, Steven139

Pipes, Richard767

Platoxxxiv, 127, 133

plenitudo potestatis39, 255

Pobedonostsev, Konstantin769

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1791)588–9, 603, 607–8

Political Reformed Party (Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij), The Netherlands (SGP)xviii, 470

Pollard, John219

Pombal, Marquis of (1699–1782)121, 732

Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503)xl, 253

Pope Anacletus II (1130–8)xxxviii

Pope Benedict XIV (1740–58)120, 121, 134

Pope Benedict XV (1914–22)445, 625

Pope Benedict XVI (2005–13)xlvii, 317, 375, 380, 445–6

Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303)xxxix, 40–1, 45, 157, 165, 618

Pope Calixtus II (1119–24)81

Pope Clement IV (1265–8)41, 92

Pope Clement V (1305–14)168

(Anti)Pope Clement VII (Western schism, residing in Avignon) (1378–94)xxxix

Pope Clement VII (1523–34)665

Pope Clement XI (1700–21)120

Pope Clement XIII (1759–69)121

Pope Clement XIV (1769–74)xlii, 121

Pope Damasus I (366–84)xxxvi

Pope Eugene III (1145–53)618

Pope Francis I (2013-)xlvii–xlviii, 242, 300, 302, 375, 377–8, 381, 422, 445, 447, 594–6, 739

Pope Gelasius (492–96)61, 157, 254

Pope Gregory I the Great (590–604)81

Pope Gregory VII (1073–85)38–40, 157, 162, 169

Pope Gregory IX (1227–41)xxxviii, 41, 45, 54

Pope Innocent II (1130–43)xxxviii

Pope Innocent III (1198–1216)xxxviii, 39–40, 70, 91, 255, 618

Pope Innocent IV (1243–54)666

Pope John XXIII (1958–63)180, 219–21, 227

Pope John Paul I (1978)665

Pope John Paul II (1978–2005)xlv–xlvi, 14, 227, 234, 246, 276, 291, 371, 373, 375–6, 378, 381, 429, 445–6, 493, 581, 613, 774

Pope Julius II (1503–13)xl

Pope Leo I (440–61)440, 666

Pope Leo III (795–816)xxxvii, 2, 67, 439, 618

Pope Leo IX (1049–54)70

Pope Leo X (1513–21)xl, 619

Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903)xliv, 187–8, 199

Pope Martin V (1417–31)xl

Pope Nicholas I (858–67)715

Pope Paul VI (1963–78)xlv–xlvi, 220, 227, 331, 445–6

Pope Pius IV (1559–65)xli

Pope Pius VI (1775–99)122, 141, 145

Pope Pius VII (1800–23)xliii

Pope Pius IX (1846–78)xliii, 152, 198, 622, 670

Pope Pius X (1903–14)441, 670

Pope Pius XI (1922–39)186–8, 201, 611, 625, 672

Pope Pius XII (1939–58)xlv, 199, 215–17, 219–20, 371, 445, 611

Pope Urban II (1088–99)xxxviii

Popiełuszko, Father Jerzy (1947–1984)xlvi

Popović, Justin (1894–1979)724

Popular Republican Movement (Le Mouvement Républicain Populaire)627

Popularum progressio (1967)220

Poroshenko, Petro778

Postillae90

Pöttering, Hans-Gert330, 332, 375

Powell, Enoch465

Prabhupada, Swami542

Pragmatic Sanction619

Pregizer, Christian Gottlob (1751–1824)147

Presbyteriansxliii, 146, 258, 461, 464, 648–50, 656–7

Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, the Diyanet)750–1, 757–8

Prespa agreement (2018)727

Primary Chronicle (986)68–9

Primo de Rivera, General Miguel735

Prince Bolesław the Brave, Duke of Poland (r. 992–1025), King of Poland (1025)604

Prince Charles Martel, Duke of the Franks (r. 718–41)xxxvii, 87, 618

Prince Igor the Old (r. 914–45)68

Prince Mieszko, Duke of Poland (r. 960–92)604

Prince Rastislav of Moravia (r. 846–70)66

Prince Sviatoslav I Igorevich, Grand Prince of Kyiv (r. 963–72)68

Prince Vasily I, Grand-Prince of Moscow (r. 1389–1425)73

Prince Vladimir Sviatoslavich (the Great) of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kyiv, (r. 980–1015)xxxvii, 68

Prince Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania (r. 1392–1430)598

Prince Yaropolk I Sviatoslavich of Kyiv (r. 972–980)68

Prodi, Romano292, 451

Prodromou, Elizabeth491

Prokopovich, Archbishop Feofan (d. 1736)123

Prophet Muhammadxxxvi–xxxvii, 85, 87, 92, 281, 505, 573, 705, 707

Protocols of the Elders of Zion719

Prudentius, Bishop of Troyes50

Psellus, Michael (1018–78)66

Pugio fidei92

Pulzer, Peter204

Purgatory101, 111

Putin, Vladimir776, 779

Quadragesimo anno (1931)187–8

Quaker Council for European Affairs291, 296, 316

Quakers, Society of Friends130, 316, 461

Quanta Cura (1864)xliii, 198

Queen Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558–1603)106, 112, 649

Queen Isabella I of Castile (r. 1474–1504)731

Queen Mary I of England (r. 1553–8)xli, 106, 111, 114, 460, 649

(Queen) Mary Queen of Scots (r. 1542–67; d. 1587)106

Queen Tamar of Georgia (r. 1184–1213)786

Qur’anxxxvii–xxxviii, xl–xli, 24, 88, 505, 511, 754

Rabaut Saint-Étienne, Jean-Paul (1743–93)141

Radcliffe-Brown, A.R.162

Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli (1888–1975)540

Rady, Martin239

Rāja Yoga (1896)540

Ramadan, Tariq505

Ramet, Sabrina P.484, 489, 613

Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury (1961–74)xlv

Rasmussen, Anders Fogh510

Rasputin, Grigorii769

Rawls, John7, 252, 265

Raymond of Peñafort91

Reformed Churches in the Netherlands684

Reformed Helvetic Confessions (1536 and 1566)113

Regino of Prüm45

Reichskonkordat (1933)637

Religio Romana26

Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe (2017)278

Religious non-governmental organizations (RNGOs)xviii, 326, 344, 421–2, 424–31

Rémond, René257, 262

Renewal of the Spirit (Rinnovamento dello Spirito)674

Representation of the Church of Greece to the European Union296

Representation of the Romanian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions296

Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions296

Republican People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi), Turkey (CHP)xv, 750, 752

Rerum Novarum (1891)xliv, 182, 187, 188, 201

Res publica Christiana254, 682

(Re)Thinking Europe - a Christian Contribution to the Future of the European Project376

Revised Prevent Guidance for England and Wales380

Rex Gloriae (1311)168

Rey, Jean287, 289

Reynes, Robert54

Rhys Davids, Thomas William (1843–1922)539, 546

Ricci, Matteo (1552–1610)535

Riccoldo da Montecroce92

Risorgimento145, 669–70

Ritter, Gerhard181, 191

Robert of Kettonxli, 88

Roberts, John491

Robespierre, Maximilien (1758–94)142

Rokkan, Stein573

Roman Catholic Relief Act (1791)145

Roman Republicxxxiv, xliii, 27, 145, 152, 622

Romanian Orthodox Church (RomOC)xviii, xliv, 239, 244–5, 296, 578, 721, 723

Röpke, Wilhelm466

Rosenberg, Alfred (1893–1946)188–9

Rossi, Ernesto (1897–1967)462

Rothschild Canticles50

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–78)xlii, 131, 143

Roy, Olivier330

Roy, Ram Mohan (1772–1833)538

Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul (1763–1845)151

Rudigier, Franz Josef, Bishop of Linz, (1853–84)610

Rugul aprins724

Rule of St Benedict (c. 535)47–8

Runciman, Steven126

Rupert of Deutz89

Rushdie affair281, xlvi, 499, 509–10, 569, 572–3

Russian Orthodox Church (ROC)xviii, xliv–xlv, xlvii–xlviii, 123–4, 163, 215, 226, 244, 258, 296, 301, 344, 355, 578, 592, 597, 607, 765–75, 787–8

Russian Revolution (1917)148, 153, 217, 787

Saakashvili, Mikheil487, 789

sack of Rome (410)xxxvi, 30

Sacred Books of the East537

Sagi, Avi526

Şahin v. Turkey411

Said, Edward535

Sakharov Prize332

Salazar, António de Oliveira (1889–1970)180, 736–7

Salesian Brothers of Don Bosco374

Salvini, Matteo301

Sandberg, Russell409–10

Sandberg, Siri561