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6 Society, Mass Warfare, and Gender in Europe during and after the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
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23 Gender, Peace, and the New Politics of Humanitarianism in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
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“The Long First World War” and Its Aftermath “The Long First World War” and Its Aftermath
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Reordering Society through Economic and Social Demobilization Reordering Society through Economic and Social Demobilization
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Gender and Cultural Demobilization Gender and Cultural Demobilization
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The Aftermath of the Second World War The Aftermath of the Second World War
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Military Demobilization and the Integration of Veterans Military Demobilization and the Integration of Veterans
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“Regendering” Society by Economic and Cultural Demobilization “Regendering” Society by Economic and Cultural Demobilization
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Notes Notes
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Select Bibliography Select Bibliography
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24 Gender, Demobilization, and the Reordering of Societies after the First and Second World Wars
Get accessKaren Hagemann is the James G. Kenan Distinguished Professor of History and an adjunct professor of the Curriculum in Peace, War, and Defense at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She has published widely in modern German, European, and transatlantic history and gender history. Her most recent monograph is Revisiting Prussia’s Wars against Napoleon: History, Culture and Memory (2015; German, 2019). Her volumes include Home/Front: The Military, War and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany (2002); Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History, edited with Stefan Dudink and John Tosh (2004); Gender, War, and Politics: Transatlantic Perspectives, 1775–1830, edited with Gisela Mettele and Jane Rendall (2010); Gender and the Long Postwar: The United States and the Two Germanys, 1945–1989, edited with Sonya Michel (2014); and Gendering Post–1945 German History: Entanglements, edited with Donna Harsch and Friederike Brühöfener (2019).
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Published:10 November 2020
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Abstract
As industrialized total wars, the First and Second World Wars required the unprecedented involvement of civilians. After both wars had ended, the demobilization of large numbers of soldiers, medical staff and workers, the care for invalid veterans, war widows and orphans, and the relocation of millions of prisoners of war, displaced persons, expellees and refugees created immense political, social, and economic problems and challenges for the postwar societies, which also had to deal with the costs and wounds of war. This chapter explores the economic, social, and cultural demobilization and the reordering of societies after the First and Second World Wars with a gender perspective and focusses Britain, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States. With these belligerents, victorious and defeated nations, market-based and communist societies, and democratic and authoritarian political systems can be compared. The chapter demonstrates the importance of the gender relations for the reconstruction of the postwar social order. After both wars, in all these societies, despite their differences, it was mainly the families, particularly the women, who had to heal the wounds of war.
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