
Contents
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General Classification and History General Classification and History
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Names and Chronology of the Language Names and Chronology of the Language
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Classification of the Language and Documents Classification of the Language and Documents
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Alphabet and Script Types Alphabet and Script Types
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Phases and Dialects Phases and Dialects
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Phonology Phonology
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Consonants Consonants
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Vowels Vowels
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Diphthongs Diphthongs
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Accents Accents
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Morphology Morphology
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Nouns and Adjectives Nouns and Adjectives
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Schemes Schemes
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Gender, Number, and State Gender, Number, and State
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Determination Determination
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Numerals Numerals
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Cardinal Numbers Cardinal Numbers
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Ordinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers
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Fractions Fractions
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Multiples Multiples
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Dates Dates
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Pronouns Pronouns
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Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns
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First Person Singular First Person Singular
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Second Person Masculine and Ffeminine Singular Second Person Masculine and Ffeminine Singular
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Third Person Singular Masculine Third Person Singular Masculine
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Third Person Singular Feminine Third Person Singular Feminine
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First Person Plural First Person Plural
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Second Person Plural Masculine Second Person Plural Masculine
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Third Person Plural Masculine Third Person Plural Masculine
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Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns
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Relative/Determinative Markers Relative/Determinative Markers
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Interrogative/Indefinite Pronouns Interrogative/Indefinite Pronouns
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Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions
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Negation Negation
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Adverbs Adverbs
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Prepositions Prepositions
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Conjunctions Conjunctions
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Verbs Verbs
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Tenses and Moods Tenses and Moods
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Perfect Perfect
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Imperfect Imperfect
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Imperative Imperative
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Infinitive Infinitive
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Participle Participle
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Conjugations Conjugations
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Weak Verbs Weak Verbs
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Syntax Syntax
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References References
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15 The Language
Get accessSapienza Università di Romae
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Published:12 August 2019
Cite
Abstract
Phoenician is the conventional name (from Greek) of a language belonging to the Canaanite group of the Semitic languages, spoken in a group of cities of the Lebanese coast and by inhabitants of their settlements abroad, established in the western Mediterranean since about the early eighth century bce. The western language, from about the sixth century bce, is usually called Punic, with a Late Punic phase. The Phoenician language is written from right to left, in a consonantal alphabetic script, and is attested from the beginning of the Iron Age until the second century bce; several dialects were probably used, but only some of them can be identified, particularly the Byblian dialect. In the West, in the Roman period, a group of inscriptions in the Latin alphabet, called Latino-Punic, attest the latest phase of the language (from the second until the fourth–fifth centuries ce). The grammar of the Phoenician language is based almost only on inscriptions; consequently it is still incomplete in several respects. The chapter summarizes the main features of the language, mainly in regard to phonology and morphology; some specific features of syntax are described, too.
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