Index

Note: Tables, figures, and notes are indicated by t, f, and n.

Absolutism119–20, 122

Access56

Achievement
in identity status model403
media use impacting academic352
in symptom internalization411
in well-being409

Actor self390, 392

Adaptability or adaptation412.  See also Pathological or maladaptive narcissism
attachment representations linked to149
in brain and cognitive development105–6, 132f
in decision making134
salience of602–3
sibling192–93
social, hypothesis of501–2

Additive relations93–94

ADHD. See Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Adolescence
adulthood conception in423–24
AL and550–52
autobiographical reasoning in440–41
brain development models for131, 133
Chinese238
definition and nature of1, 17
dynamism or fluidity of17
EA compared to1–2, 11
identity in391–92, 402, 408–14, 415, 439
impulsivity and risk taking133–34
maturity and complex views of423–24
media use and changes from357–58
moral reasoning in451–52
political beliefs in484
religiosity during466
romantic relationships in231–32, 238
sexual identity development in269–70
siblings in193
social domain theory on452
timing of17

Adolescence-limited (AL)550–52

Adult children183–84

Adulthood
age and422, 430
attachment representations and attachment styles of148–49
conception of
adolescent423–24
collectivism in426
college student429
culture in425–27
emerging adult424–25
fluidity in432
gender differences in425
marriage in429–30
parents in431
by race or ethnicity425
variation in423, 426, 428–32, 433
developmental tasks in fostering422
EA
as prolonged transition to126
separated from young52
in EA theory and social class53–54
ego development in509–11, 510f
family and163, 169, 308–9, 430
future research on
individual differences in428–32
well-being in427–28
independence marking17
institutional upbringing impacting428
leaving home and432
marriage marking17, 237–38, 239, 429–30
maturity in425
media use and transition to358
mental health in499
mentoring and564, 567
moral cognition and450
over time421–23
overview of163–64, 421
parents in168–71, 237–38, 430–32
practice implications of432–34
prosocial behaviors during457–58
public policy implications for433
in punishment and rehabilitation553–54
responsibility growing in433
social clock in422–23
socialization and430–32
social nature of171
structure lacking for433–34
substance use and assumed531–32
success or failure430
summary of434
theoretical approaches to421–23
traditional markers of26–27, 425
work in237–38

Advertising368

African Americans442, 443

Age. See also Foster care, aging out of
adulthood and422, 430
crime and543–53
dynamic development theory and patterns of119
emergence120
epistemological thinking and emergence120
knowledge appreciation and116–17
metacognition and patterns by108
narcissism and differences by38–39
old15
race or ethnicity and
of identity exploration95–96
in-between feeling94–95
possibilities of91–92
self-focus93–94
unstable90–91
in romantic relationships233
siblings and191–92, 194
substance use and525, 526

Age-crime curve
aggregate information in545
FBI on544–45, 546f
history of544–45
methodological approach to545–46
overview of544–45, 545f
theoretical perspectives of
evaluation of552–53
general crime theory in546–47
general strain theory in548–49
Moffitt's developmental taxonomy in550–52
rational choice theory in549–50
social control theory in549
social learning theory in547–48

Agency51, 56

Agentic friendship218

Agent self390

Age period or stage. See also Foster care, aging out of
adulthood and422
crime and543–53
beyond EA6
EA as15, 52–53
EAT48
in life cycle approach422
marriage246, 281, 287, 289, 290, 291–92
narcissism and demographic differences by38–39
youth defined by51

Age-stage model15, 52–53

Aggression and violence
gender, mental health, and75–76
media use impacting352–53
in romantic or sexual relationships75–76
sexual252–53, 366, 373–74
television use and impact on365–66, 373–74

AL. See Adolescence-limited

Alcohol use
advertising for368
of Bush444
as CSRE predictor251
energy drink and523
in substance use prevalence522, 523, 523f
SUDs527
television use impacting368

Alerting correlations33–34

Altruism456

American Psychologist1, 12

Animals128–29

Anxiety
attachment representations and148
future-oriented decision making and135
parents and separation182–83, 186
youth and social26

Apprenticeship programs325–26

Appropriate disengagement principle335

Appropriate engagement principle335

Asexual identity266

Aspirations92

Atheists. See Non-religious or atheists

ATP. See Australian Temperament Project

Attachment and attachment representations
adaptation and mental health linked to149
adult attachment styles in148–49
anxious148
grandparent-grandchild relationships and perspective of204
insecurity regarding149
leaving home and impact of182
mentoring and567
parents and149–50, 182
personal relationships and149
primary caregivers and148
relational breakups impacted by149
sibling relationships and192–93
in social cognitive development148–50

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)508, 529–30

Attribution theory143, 144

Atypical neurodevelopment508

Audience394

Australia572–73, 603–7, 609–10, 611

Australian Temperament Project (ATP)603–7, 609–10, 611

Autobiographical author self390, 392, 393

Autobiographical reasoning408, 440–41

Autonomy
in adult child and parent living arrangements184
Ethic of452, 453
as media use gratification355
overparenting undermining170

Bad self36–37

Big Five personality traits30

Biography392–93

Birth
order194
rates282

Body image
college student371–72
dissatisfaction369–70
eating disorders and370–71
by gender369–72
media use impacting353–54
overweight individuals and371
plastic surgery and371
race and370
sex and372–73
television use and369–72

Booty calls249, 250f

Boundaries, inadequate182–83

Brain development
adaptability in105–6, 132f
in adolescence131, 133
brain function in131–35, 132f
cognition in106, 107–8
culture in135, 136
in EA126–27
issues to address in130–31
MRI and129–30
organization and development principles in127
overview of2, 127
permissive environment in127
prefrontal cortex (PFC) in127, 128f, 131–35
plasticity in135–36
postmortem and comparative studies of128–29
regions in128f
social context in135, 136
summary and future directions for130–31, 135, 136–37
time in128

Brain function
from adolescent to emerging adult models131, 133
in brain development131–35, 132f
for future-oriented decision making133–35
incentive processing in131–33

Bush, George W.
alcohol use of444
life authorship of441, 443–45
marriage for444–45
narrative identity of443–44
parental influence on443–44
religion for444–45

Canada255, 423, 589

Career
counselors56
friendship impacted by220–21
identity development and96, 338–39
marriage impacted by288–89
or occupational development65–66, 76–77, 92, 96
phase-adequate engagement in336–37
research on336–37
school-to-work transition and path for321–22

Care-orientation451

Casual sexual relationships and experiences (CSREs)3
of college students and non-college paths255–56
as common245, 246
consequence of
gender difference and psychological outcomes as252–53
negative psychological outcomes as252
physical danger as253
romantic relationships as253
culture and255–56
definition and nature of245
dimensions of249–50
distinctiveness of254–55
forms of246
booty calls in249, 250f
friends with benefits in248–49, 250f
fuck buddies in249
hookups in247–48
one-night stands in248, 250f
gay, lesbian, and bisexual255
gender in246, 252–53
generalizability of255–56
negative outcomes of246, 252, 254
overview of245–46
positive outcomes of253–54
predictor of
alcohol use as251
closeness and intimacy as250–51
personal and religious values as251
personality as251
situational triggers and partner characteristics as251–52
research
beyond college students256
future256–57
limitations254–56
media exposure in257
theoretically driven256
role of246–47
sexual
assault victimization in252–53
exploration in246–47
similarities and differences among254–55
summary of257

Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS)49

Certainty-uncertainty model405

Childhood
autobiographical reasoning in440–41
self-focus and93
siblings and relationships as193
social domain theory on452
sociology and50

Child welfare practice565–67, 573n1

Chinese adolescents238

Chronic disease populations413–14

Civic engagement. See also Institutional opportunities, civic
cultural biases against482
definition of482–83
disparity in
cumulative disadvantage as486–87
in institutional opportunity differences487–90
in EA485–86
equality promoted through
Internet and social media492–93
national service programs491–92
service learning491
two-year colleges490–91
youth organizing492
history of482
identity and64–65
of immigrants482
institutional opportunities for487–90
through lifespan perspective486
military and impact on489
motivations towards484–85
outcomes of485
overview of481
political development theories in483–85
public quality of483
rates of486
research482–85
global490
summary of493
three dimensions of482–83

Class. See social class

Closeness250–51

Cognition. See also Epistemic cognition and development; See also Social cognition and cognitive development
in brain and cognitive development106, 107–8
intelligence development and107
meta-106, 107–8
in moral development450–53

Cognitive development. See also Epistemic cognition and development; See also Social cognition and cognitive development
cognition in106, 107–8
complex thinking and105, 122
culture and395
deep thinking and adaptability in105–6, 132f
dialogical approach and394–96
epistemic cognition in106–7, 108, 109t, 110t, 111t, 112–21, 120t
moral reasoning and theory of451
overview of2, 105–6
religion and spirituality impacting467
self and386–87, 394–96
stages in theory of14
summary of121–22
types of processes in106–7

Cognitive-developmental theory451

Cognitive processes106–7

Cohabitation233–34, 281–82, 289

Coherence14

Cohort
differences177–79
effect35–36
relevant attributes28
theories35

Collaboration41

Collectivism151, 426

College. See also College students and college-educated; See also Non-college paths; See also School-to-work transitions
civic engagement equality through two-year490–91
college students and expectations in122
ethnic diversity in218
friendship218–19, 220
identity development during338–39
as institutional opportunity487–88
parental input and171, 299–300, 309
population and demographics490–91
religious or spiritual socialization and470–71
school-to-work transition and320–21
self-authorship post-115
substance use and attending532–33

College, self-authorship in
case studies of299–301, 305–12
crossroads in302, 303f, 306f
decision making in300
development
dynamics of312
factors304–5
holistic perspectives in301–5, 303f
journey of305–12, 306f
external authority and306, 306f, 307, 309
identity in304–5, 309–11, 312
in-between space in299
internal voice in308, 309, 310–12
interpersonal growth in308
marriage and307–8
meaningful reflection in306–7, 308
meaning making and
complex300–301
factors shaping302–4
structure in301–2
mentor support in311
overview of299–301
parental input and299–300, 309
theory, practice, and research in312, 313
work or employment in307, 311

College students and college-educated
adulthood conceptual differences among429
body image of371–72
collegiate expectations for122
CSREs of255–56
epistemic cognition of112, 120–22
guilt, shame, or disgust for455–56
health risk behaviors of412–13
hooking up233
moral reasoning of451
in moratorium410–11
narcissism over time in32–33
national service programs and489–90
non-college path compared to5
in overparenting studies170
privilege stereotype of16
prosocial behavior of457
research on96, 256–57
sexuality of71–72, 272
substance abuse by74–75
television use of364–65, 371–72
values shift in34–35

Commitment
dyadic231–32, 234–35
to gender shaping68–69
in hookups247
in identity development and gender63
life plans and coordinating234–40
in non-Western societies238–40
in romantic relationships230, 231–32, 234–40

Communication
collaboration and41
in friends with benefits249
narcissism research and increased40
technologies164

Community
Ethic of452–53
organization442–43

Community reinforcement approach (CRA)590

Comorbidity506, 527–28

Comparative studies128–29

Complex thinking105, 122

Comprehensive schools55–56

Conflicting relations93–94

Conflict monitoring134

Constructive web117–18

Contact
geographic proximity in164
in grandparent-grandchild relationships204–5
with parents164–65
technology mitigating164

Contextualism18

Continuity232, 439, 550

Continuous development16

Coping
of disadvantaged students56–57
in educational trajectories and youth biographies56–57
for homeless588–89
in mental health588–89
parents, career counselors, and teachers for56–57

Co-regulation335
behaviors340
benefits and costs of340–41
qualitative interviews340
research339–40, 341
in school-to-work transition339–41
typical partners in339

Coresidence166, 172

CRA. See Community reinforcement approach

Crime. See also Age-crime curve
age and543–53
age-crime curve and general theory of546–47
future research on555
homeless institutional disaffiliation through583
overview of4, 543–44
punishment and rehabilitation for553–55

Critical thinking395

Cross-national differences172, 178–79

Cross-temporal meta-analysis32, 33–34

CSREs. See Casual sexual relationships and experiences

Cultural
preferences172
psychology49
studies49

Cultural-developmental approach453, 459

Culture and cultural beliefs. See also Non-Western cultures
in adulthood conceptions425–27
African American442
biography and concept of392–93
in brain development135, 136
civic engagement and biases in482
cognitive development and395
CSREs by255–56
in EAT and social class54–55
friendship impacted by220
as grandparent-grandchild relationship factor206–7
leaving home and impact on177–79
marriage and288
media creating391
media use and differences in358
morality and variation in452–53
narcissism and demographic differences in40
overview of4
parental changes and broader168
religious or spiritual variation by474
school-to-work challenge as change in322–23
self and relationship to386, 388, 390–91, 392–93
for siblings195

Cumulative
continuity550
disadvantage486–87

dACC. See Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex

Decision making
adaptive134
in college self-authorship300
future-oriented133–35
for individual life plans235
in life cycle approach237
marital salience in285
in Moffitt's developmental theory551–52

Deductive inference18

Deep thinking105–6, 132f

De-identification191, 192

Delayed departure178

Delimitation19, 20–21

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)592–93

Dependence165

Depression73, 252

Developed countries, substance use524–25

Development. See also Brain development; See also Cognitive development; See also Epistemic cognition and development; See also Identity, identity development, and identity exploration; See also Moral development; See also Positive development
adulthood and task422
career or occupational65–66, 76–77, 92, 96
in cohort theories35
college self-authorship and
factors in304–5
holistic perspectives in301–5, 303f
journey of305–12, 306f
continuous16
dynamic development theory and
progression of118
skills'118–19
EA1–2, 14
brain126–27
individual281
religious or spiritual465–66
ego509–11, 510f
human235–36
media use future and357
moral reasoning and pattern of451–52
negative patterns of449–50
political483–85
process of14–18, 37
psychosocial14–15, 511
self-3–4

Developmental
domains467
maturation hypothesis502
progression180–81
psychology15–16
range117
tasks221–23

Developmentally relevant attributes28

Developmental process
early life37
stages
versus14–18
similarities with18

Developmental regulation
behavioral dimensions in337
benefits and costs of338
goal engagement and338
as phase-adequate engagement337–38
research on337–38

Developmental science
social cognition as143
stages versus process in14–18
typical and atypical development in127

Developmental stages22n1
in age-stage model15
of cognitive development theory14
continuous development compared to16
in developmental psychology15–16
discontinuity in theories of15–16
four properties of14
process' similarities with18
process versus14–18
in psychosocial theory of development14–15
substages within16

DHHS. See Department of Health and Human Services

Dialogical self389–91, 393–96

Dialogical theory386

Diffusion
health risk behavior and carefree412–13
as identity status model category403
in symptom internalization412
in well-being410

DIS. See Dysfunctional Individuation Scale

Disabled workers330

Discipline18

Discontinuity, of stage theories15–16

Disease management414

Disgust455–56

Distance, siblings and191, 196–99

Distinctiveness196–99, 254–55

Distress, personal454, 455

Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)134

Dreams from My Father (Obama)443

Dyadic commitment231–32, 234–35

Dynamic development theory
constructive web in117–18
developmental
progression in118
skills in118–19
in epistemic cognition117–21, 120t
implications of119–21
optimal and functional level in118–19, 120t
structure in117, 118
studies of119

Dynamism
of adolescence17
in adulthood conceptions432
of religiosity466–67
of romantic relationships234
of sexual orientation72, 272–73
society's13

Dysfunctional Individuation Scale (DIS)152

EA. See Emerging adulthood

Early life
demographic study37
narcissism predicted from
developmental processes37
overview of36–37
parenting and37–38
precursors37
substance use and stress of528–29

EAT. See Emerging adult theory

Eating disorders370–71

ECAs. See Extra-curricular activities

Ecological correlations33–34

Ecological systems theory79

Ecological variables195

Economics
in coresidence172
EA from changes in industrialized27
global317–18
in leaving home179
marriage and169, 238–39, 289, 290, 291
OECD and317, 320–21
parental changes from166
of parents168–69
in romantic relationships236
SES and319–20, 328
siblings and impact of191

Ecosystems305

Education or schooling. See also College students and college-educated; See also Phase-adequate work engagement; See also School-to-work transitions
comprehensive and selective55–56
definition and nature of22n 2
demographics320–21
desire for more6
disadvantaged students' trajectories of56–59
in EAT and social class54
grandparent-grandchild relationships and higher205
homeless institutional disaffiliation in582
institutional opportunities and higher487–88
international variations in trajectories of57–58
marriage and169, 238–39, 288–89
of Obama441–42, 443
overview of3
parents and166–67, 168, 169
personality development and48–49
positive608–9
in prosocial behavior458
race, ethnicity, and33
romantic relationships and impact of236–37
self-authorship and higher313
service learning in487
social class and16, 21, 53t, 54
substance use and530
work and236–37, 320–21, 335–36, 402
youth biographies and trajectories of55
access in56
coping in56–57
education system logic in58
family in58
interviews57–58
relevance in56
simple path in58–59
student ardency in58
typology for57

Effortful behavior133

Ego development509–11, 510f

Emancipation, foster care561–62, 562f

Emergence age120

Emerging adulthood (EA).
adolescence compared to1–2, 11
adulthood
as prolonged transition to126
separated from young52
age period beyond6
as age-stage15, 52–53
causes of11–12
civic engagement in485–86
criticism of12–14
as historically specific13
life stages in14
methodological52–53
as negative period13, 91–92
as non-theoretical14
as non-universal13–14, 16, 20
research on96–97
stages in14
definition and nature of11–12, 17, 20, 191, 578–79
development1–2, 14
brain126–27
as individual period of281
religious and spiritual465–66
early life narcissism predicting36–38
emerging adults compared to17–18
as family life course stage281
features of12, 13, 21, 52, 127, 402–3
gender shaping
complexity of79–80
conclusion and future research on80
identity in76–77
international variations in76–79
overview of62–63
in relationships77
summary of78–79
from industrial society and economic changes27
innovation in13
international variations in5–6, 16–17, 76–79
as life stage theory2, 14
media use in349–51
non-college paths through4–5
as nonsense22
privilege in20–21
race, ethnicity, and
conceptual background for88–90
importance of88–90
overview of87–88
pillars of90–96
summary of98
reception of11, 12
research5
challenges to future96–98
criticism of96–97
limitations in sexual274
social cognition in144
structural factors2
as theory18–22, 98n 1

Emerging adults
adulthood conception of
criteria in424–25
feeling like adult in424
brain development models for131, 133
dependence of165
EA compared to17–18
grandparent-grandchild relationships and208
moral identity for average456–57
narcissism and32, 36, 449

Emerging adult theory (EAT)
age period or stages in48
overview of47
prolongation of youth phase and47–48
social class and53t
adulthood views in53–54
conclusion regarding59–60
culture in54–55
educational opportunities in54
as sociological-historical analysis51–52
in social sciences47–51

Emotional support165, 196–99

Empathic responding
definition and nature of454
in moral emotion454–55
personal distress and454, 455
sympathy and454

Empathy454

Employment. See Work or employment

Energy drinks523

England570–71

Environment
brain development in permissive127
in college self-authorship development304–5
meaning making and305
systems of304–5

Epistemic cognition and development
absolutism and relativism in119–20, 122
in brain and cognitive development106–7, 108, 109t, 110t, 111t, 112–21, 120t
in college students and college-educated112, 120–22
development mode comparison109t, 110t, 111t
domain differences in121
dynamic development theory in117–21, 120t
epistemic doubt in116–17
epistemological
beliefs and117, 121
reflection model for114
intellectual and ethical development scheme in108, 109t, 110t, 111t, 112
levels of epistemological understanding in115–16
model focus as concern in120
RJM in112–13
self-evolution and self-authorship in114–15
women's ways of knowing in113

Epistemic doubt116–17

Epistemological
beliefs and belief system117, 121, 314n 1
reflection model114
thinking120
understanding, levels of115–16

Epistemology116, 122n 1

Erikson, E.12, 13, 404–6, 439

Ethic
of Autonomy452, 453
of Community452–53
of Divinity453

Ethical development108, 109t, 110t, 111t, 112

Ethnicity. See Race or ethnicity

Eudaimonic approaches606–7

Europe166, 178–79, 527

Evolutionary perspective204

Exclusivity269–70, 274

Exosystems305

Expectations, marriage283

Experience, school-to-work232

Explanation18

Exploration, gender63

External authority or reliance306, 306f, 307, 309

Extra-curricular activities (ECAs)326, 458

Facebook393–94

Faith-based institutions488

Familism171–72

Family and family relationships. See also Leaving home
adulthood and163, 169, 308–9, 430
capacities430
in educational trajectory and youth biographies58
familism in Hispanic171–72
gender shaping67, 77
grandparent-grandchild relationships and
characteristics of207
extended209
status of206
homeless institutional or societal disaffiliation in581–82
instability and conflict in91
leaving home and structure of179
marriage and
development lens for282–83
formation trends of281–82
mental health and513–14
overview of2–3
parents and
changes from structure of167–68
obligation to171
race or ethnicity in89
in school-to-work transition319–20
self-focus and obligation of93
separation-individuation and150–51
sexual identity and312
siblings and191–92, 195
systems theory204

Family Finding565–66

Family life course281

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)544–45, 546f

Financial support165, 171, 432

First-person perspective (1PP)153–54

Flourishing504–5

Fluidity. See Dynamism

fMRI. See Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Force-resource approach303–4

Foreclosure403, 409, 411

“Forgotten half,”4–5

Formism18

Foster care, aging out of
child welfare practice for565–67
emancipation in561–62, 562f
future research regarding565, 568–69
life course theory and560–62, 561t, 562f
mentoring in563–64
non-foster youth compared to561t
overview of559–60
policy in568
positive youth development strategies for562–64
practice565–67
in Australia572–73
in England570–71
international569–73
in Israel571–72
summary of573

Freud, Sigmund36

Friendship
agentic218
behaviors influenced in222
career impacting220–21
changes in220–21
college218–19, 220
communal218
culture impacting220
definition and nature of215–16, 218–19
ethnicity in217–18, 220
formation of217–18
friends with benefits216–17
gender in67–68, 219
in grandparent-grandchild relationships208
hierarchy217
homophily in217
individual and group differences in219–20
influences, mechanisms of
in developmental tasks221–23
identity exploration in221–22
intimacy and interdependence as222–23
social needs in222
measurement difficulty223
media use impacting352
overview of3, 215
parenthood changing221
practice implications of223–24
problem behaviors related to223
qualities of218–19
religion and spirituality in222, 469
research on218, 223–24
romantic partnerships
changing221
preceded by or co-occurring with218
same-sex compared to opposite-sex216
sexuality and
beliefs and behaviors of222–23
minority219
summary of224
types215–16

Friends with benefits
communication in249
as CSRE form248–49, 250f
definition and nature of248
differentiation of248
friendship of216–17

Fuck buddies249

Functional level118–19, 120t

Functionally dependent relations94

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)93, 132–33, 152–53

Future-oriented decision making
in adolescent impulsivity and risk taking133–34
anxiety and135
brain function regarding133–35
PFC in133–35

Gay, lesbian, or bisexual young adults
CSREs of255
differences between264–65
friendship for219
parental behavior towards171
religious or spiritual variations and473–74
sexual identity for264–65, 271–72, 473–74

Gender and gender differences
in adulthood conceptions425
in college self-authorship development304
in CSREs246, 252–53
EA shaped by
complexity of79–80
conclusion and future research on80
identity in76–77
internationally76–79
overview of62–63
in relationships77
summary of78–79
grandparent-grandchild relationships impacted by206
identity and63
career or occupational development in65–66, 76–77
domain of406–7
narrative64
politics and civic involvement in64–65
religiosity and spirituality in65
summary of66
technology in66
individual factors in79
in life authorship441
at macrosystem level79
mental health shaped by77, 78
aggression and violence within75–76
depression within73
overview of72–73
risk-taking behavior within73–74
substance abuse within74–75
summary of76
narcissism and demographic differences in39–40
overview of2
relationships shaped by64, 66
family67, 77
friendship67–68, 219
romantic68–70, 77
religion or spirituality and65, 472
research on63
in school-to-work special populations330
sexuality
compared to80
shaped by70–72, 77–78, 272–73
stability in270–71
sibling67, 194
in substance use or abuse74–75, 524
SUDs and differences by527
television use and
body image by369–72
sexualization by373–74
traditional roles for375
theoretical implications of79–80

Generalizations59, 255–56

General strain theory548–49

Generation41

Generational decline27–28

Generation Me hypothesis32, 34

Generativeness, of theory19, 21

Generativity445

Genetic factors195

Geographic proximity164, 217

Global
citizenship609–10
economy317–18

Globalization317–18

Goal engagement338

Grandparent-grandchild relationships
contact in204–5
emerging adult similarities and differences in208
enhancements and harms to208–9
example interview regarding207–9
extended family compared to209
friendship in208
future research regarding209
identity in209
joint activities in207–8
overview of203
parental compared to209
quality factor of
culture as206–7
familial status as206
gender as206
higher education as205
personal and familial characteristics as207
separate residence as205–6
ramifications of207
theoretical perspectives on204
uniqueness of204

Guilt455–56

Health and nutrition. See also Mental health
chronic-disease populations and behaviors of413–14
identity and
public414–15
risks to412–14
physical289–90, 511–12
reproductive586
sexual373, 586
television use impacting368–69

Health risk behaviors
carefree diffusion and412–13
of college students412–13
definition and nature of412
identity and412–14
maladaptive identity structure in412
measurement of412

Heterogeneity178–79, 389

Heterosexuality
exclusivity in269
religious or spiritual variation by473
sexual identity of265, 267–69, 273–74, 473

Hierarchy14, 18–19, 217

High school students
narcissism study of34
school-to-work for
graduates of324
leavers among324
working students among324–25
values shift in34–35

Hispanic families171–72

History51–52
of age-crime curve544–45
of civic engagement research482
EA as specific to13
generational decline claims throughout28
narcissism and perspectives of29
sexual research limitations and social274–75

HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus

Homeless. See also Institutional or societal disaffiliation, homeless
definition and nature of579
health of
mental587–89
sexual and reproductive586
HIV and STDs for586, 590–91, 593
human capital and583–85
identification with lifestyle of585–86
international variations or context for589
overview of578
policy approaches for592–93
population and demographics of579–80
practice approaches for590–92
runaway youth as579
service use by591–92
sexual behavior of586, 590–91, 593
social estrangement network for580–89
substance abuse of587–88
summary of593–94
throwaway young people as579
trauma and coping for588–89

Homophily217

Homosexuality367–68.  See also Gay, lesbian, or bisexual young adults

Hookups
for college students233
commitment in247
as CSRE form247–48
definition and nature of247
measurement difficulty regarding247–48
one-night stands compared to248
variation in247

Housing582

Human capital
definition and nature of583–84
homeless and583–85
legal income generation in584
resiliency and584–85
in social estrangement network583–85

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)414, 586, 590–91, 593

I-and-me of self-understanding146–47

Identity, identity development, and identity exploration. See also Self, media and; See also Sexuality, sexual identity, or sexual orientation
in adolescence391–92, 402, 408–14, 415, 439
areas of356
asexual266
benefits and costs of339
career96, 338–39
college338–39
self-authorship in304–5, 309–11, 312
concomitants and consequences
health risk behaviors in412–14
internalizing symptoms in410–12
overview of408–9
well-being in409–10
confusion403, 405–6
definition and nature of263
demographics and97
domain
ethnicity407
political preference406
religious orientation406
as EA feature12, 21, 402
education, work, and402
friendship influences in221–22
gender and63
career or occupational development in65–66, 76–77
EA in76–77
narrative64
politics and civil involvement in64–65
religiosity and spirituality in65
sexuality and domain of406–7
summary of66
technology in66
in grandparent-grandchild relationships209
of homeless lifestyle585–86
identity status model in403–6
literature on95–96
maladaptive structure for412
media and356–57, 391–92
moral456–57
narrative64, 408, 411, 414–15, 439–40, 443–44
Obama's441–43
overview of401–2
race or ethnicity and95–96, 407, 442, 443
regulation and intersection with341
religion and spirituality in65, 465
research on338
future challenges for414–15
public health issues in414–15
romantic relationships for402
self-examination resolution and401–2
sexual identity and social275
sibling191, 192
styles, informational, normative, and diffuse-avoidant407–8
substance use factor in534
summary of415
synthesis403
vocational338–39
from youth prolongation48

Identity capital theory48

Identity status model
categories of403–4
certainty-uncertainty model in405
comparing and contrasting in403–4
confusion in405–6
criticisms of404
expanded404–5
formation and evaluation in404–5
Luyckx model and405
Meeus model within405

Identity: Youth and Crisis (Erikson)12, 13

IGT. See Iowa Gambling Task

Imagination390–91

Immigrants329, 482

Impressions28

Impulsivity, adolescent133–34

In-between
feeling94–95
space299

Incentive processing
in brain function131–33
effortful behavior and133
in MRI132–33

Independence17, 185

India239

Indigenous populations328–29

Indisciplinarity59–60

Individualism151

Individuation147–52.  See also Separation-individuation

Individuative-reflective faith466

Inductive inference18

Industrialized society
EA from changes in27
leaving home in185
race or ethnicity in89
romantic relationships in232
youth in26–27

Infancy150

Inflated expectations323

Inner or internal voice308, 309, 310–12

Innovation13

INS. See Interpersonal negotiation strategies

Insecurity149

Instability
of cohabitation234
as EA feature12, 21, 127
family conflict or91
of intimacy355
race or ethnicity and age of90–91
in romantic or sexual relationships90–91, 233, 234–35
as substance use factor533–34
in work90

Institutional opportunities, civic
faith-based488
higher education and487–88
military in488–89
national service programs in489–90

Institutional or societal disaffiliation, homeless
through crime583
in employment or education582
family disconnection in581–82
in social estrangement framework581–83

Institutional upbringing428

Integration19, 21, 388

Intellectual development108, 109t, 110t, 111t, 112

Intelligence107

Interconnectedness236–37, 395–96

Interdependence222–23

Intergenerational similarity hypothesis204

International students329–30

International variations
in civic engagement research490
in EA5–6, 16–17, 76–79
in educational trajectories57–58
in emerging adult adulthood conceptions424
in foster care practice569–73
in gender76–79
in homeless589
in parental contact164–65
in population and demographics5
research implications of5–6

Internet393, 492–93

Interpersonal
growth308
understanding145–46

Interpersonal negotiation strategies (INS)146

Intimacy
as CSRE predictor250–51
as friendship influence222–23
instability of355
as media use gratification355–56
SNSs and355

Intimate partner violence (IPV)75–76

Invariance14

Invention17

Iowa Gambling Task (IGT)134

IPV. See Intimate partner violence

Israel571–72

Joint activities207–8

Juror verdicts116

Justice451

Kin-keeping perspective204

Knowledge
appreciation of116–17
societies49

Labor market51, 317–18

Laws534–35, 554–55

LCP. See Life-course-persistent

Learning Partnerships Model (LPM)313

Leaving home
adult children and parents living arrangements in183–84
adulthood and432
attachment impact in182
cohort differences and cultural or value impacts177–79
cross-national differences in178–79
economics in179
employment status in181
family structure in179
heterogeneity in178–79
home characteristics in179
intervention and prevention suggestions186
marriage and179
overview of177
parental role in181–83, 432
pathways in
diversity of180
self-perceived maturity and developmental progression as180–81
research, policy, and practice implications185–86
residential independence and185
romantic involvement in181
summary regarding186–87

Legal income generation584

Leisure. See Media-related leisure

Levinson, D.J.235–39

Life
process14–18
span35–36

Life authorship. See also Narrative identity
autobiographical reasoning in440–41
becoming author in439–41
of Bush441, 443–45
in everyday life441
gender, ethnicity, and social class in441
narrative identity challenge in439
of Obama441–43
overview of438
redemptive445
self-exploration in441–43
summary of445

Life course
perspective204, 607–8
theory560–62, 561t, 562f

Life-course approach55

Life-course-persistent (LCP)550, 551, 552

Life cycle approach
age periods in422
decision making in237
example case of237
to human development235–36
interconnectedness of tasks in236
to life plans235–38
structure in236
time in236

Life events533–34

Life plans, individual
commitment and coordination with234–40
decision making for235
dyadic relationships coordinated with234–35
life cycle approach to235–38
in non-Western societies238–40
romantic relationships and234–40

Lifespan perspective484, 486

Life stages
EA and theory of2, 14
invention of17
life process versus14–18
overview of2

Linked lives204

LPM. See Learning Partnerships Model

Luyckx model405, 412–13, 415

Macrosystem level79

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
brain development and129–30
fMRI within93, 132–33, 152–53
incentive processing in132–33
white and grey matter in129–30

Maladaptive identity structure412

Maladaptive narcissism. See Pathological or maladaptive narcissism

Marianismo426

Marijuana522–23

Marital
horizon theory283–84
paradigm theory283–84
timing280–81, 284, 287, 290

Marital salience284, 285

Marriage
adulthood marked by17, 237–38, 239, 429–30
age period in246, 281, 287, 289, 290, 291–92
beliefs and expectations3, 167, 283–84, 285–89
benefits and consequences of
gain or loss transition in289–91
marital age and success in291–92
career impacting288–89
cohabitation before289
college self-authorship and307–8
culture influencing288
data on27–28
desire for285–86, 287
economics and169, 238–39, 289, 290, 291
education and169, 238–39, 288–89
expectations regarding283
family
development lens for282–83
formation trends and281–82
future research goals for292
gender shaping70
leaving home and179
mental or physical health impacted by289–90
motherhood and282
in non-Western societies238–39
overview of280–81
race or ethnicity in286–87
readiness288
relevance and perseverance of285, 292
religion in288
romantic relationships and70, 232–33
salience of284, 285–87
self-focus and93
summary of292
theoretical approach to paradigms in283–84
timing of280–81, 284, 287, 290
transition and gain or loss in289–91
youth and27–28

Master narratives
critical thinking and395
for reflection395
self and392, 395, 396
socialization through396

Maturity
adolescents' complex views on423–24
in adulthood425
leaving home pathways and self-perceived180–81
mental health and average508–9

Meaning
adequacy59
in narrative identity440

Meaning making
college self-authorship and complex300–301
crossroads in302, 303f
environmental and individual factors in305
example cases involving301–2, 311
factors shaping302–4
force-resource approach in303–4
holistic perspectives in development of301–5, 303f
internal and external302, 303f
structure in301–2

Measurement
friendship and difficulty of223
of health risk behaviors412
hookups and difficulty of247–48
of morality459
of narcissism30–32
NPI30–33, 35, 39–40
of self-esteem388
of well-being409

Media. See also Self, media and
CSRE research and exposure to257
culture created through391
identity development and356–57, 391–92
media use and
new350–51
traditional351
in religion or spirituality471–72
SNS350
social249, 257, 393–94, 492–93
stories and391–93
technology of new350

Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)152

Media-related leisure3, 27

Media use. See also Television use
academic achievement impacted by352
aggression impacted by352–53
beliefs and attitudes from357
body image impacted by353–54
EA349–51
future directions in
adolescence and changes in357–58
adulthood transition and358
cultural differences and358
developmental context for357
non-college samples and358
parental involvement and358–59
gratification from
autonomy as355
identity in356–57
intimacy as355–56
overview of354–55
monitoring359
new media and350–51
overview of349–50
pathological354
prosocial behavior impacting353
relationships impacted by352
sexual behavior impacted by353, 366–67
in socialization355–56, 357
summary regarding359
theories of effects in351–54
time350–51
traditional media and351

Meeus model405, 410–11, 415

Mental health
in adulthood499
attachment representations linked to149
average growth, maturation, and health508–9
family relationships and513–14
flourishing504–5
gender shaping77, 78
aggression and violence within75–76
depression within73
overview of72–73
risk-taking behavior within73–74
substance abuse within74–75
summary of76
homeless587–89
interpersonal relationships and513
marriage impacting289–90
model of500–501
norm conformity in501
optimal adult504
overview of499–500
pathological media use and354
physical health and511–12
positive development and505–6, 605–6
psychiatric disorders506–7
psychopathology
absent in506
developmental lens for507–8
recentering and502, 503t, 504
religion, spirituality, and468
self and509–11, 510f
social norms and501–2
substance abuse and587–88
summary of514–15
trauma and coping in588–89
variations by stage in500–501
well-being and512–13

Mentoring
adulthood564, 567
attachment and567
college self-authorship and311
in foster care563–64
natural560, 563–64, 565, 566, 567
youth qualities in effective564

Mesosystems304–5

Metacognition106, 107–8

Microsystems304–5

Military325, 488–89

Modernity50, 55

Modernization theories49–50

Moffitt's developmental taxonomy
in age-crime curve550–52
AL and LCP in550–52
cumulative continuity in550
decision-making in551–52

Moral behavior455

Moral cognition
adulthood and450
moral reasoning in450–52
in relationships450
social domain theory on452
three ethics approach to452–53

Moral development
cognition in450–53
cultural-developmental approach to453, 459
future research and summary of458–59
moral emotion in453–56
moral identity in456–57
overview of449–50
positive development and606
prosocial behavior in457–58

Moral emotion
definition and nature of453–54
empathic responding in454–55
of guilt, shame, or disgust455–56
moral behavior and link to455
in moral development453–56
research on454
social intuitionist model for453–54

Moral identity
altruistic behavior and456
for average emerging adult456–57
definition and nature of456
in moral development456–57

Morality
cultural variation in452–53
definition and nature of452–53
empathy in454
measurement of459
socialization of459

Moral reasoning
in adolescence451–52
care-oriented451
cognitive-developmental theory of451
of college students451
cultural-developmental approach to453
development pattern of451–52
justice and451
in moral cognition450–52
through same-sex friendship216

Moratorium
active ingredients in411
classical or searching411
college students in410–11
as identity status model category403
post-48, 51
in symptom internalization410–11
well-being and409

Motherhood282

mPFC. See Medial prefrontal cortex

MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging

Music356

Narcissism
age differences for38–39
within Big Five personality traits30
cohort effect in35–36
cohort theories on other factors in35
college students in study of32–33
cross-temporal meta-analysis of32, 33–34
definition and nature of29
demographic differences in
by age38–39
by culture40
by gender39–40
early life in predicting
developmental processes37
overview of36–37
parenting and37–38
precursors37
emerging adults and32, 36, 449
future research on40–41
high school students in study of34
in history29
across life span35–36
measurement of30–32
modern psychology and29–30
negative connections of31–32
normal compared to pathological29–30
NPI and32–33, 35, 39–40
overparenting caused by170
overview of26–27
pathological or maladaptive29–30, 37–38
period effect and35
as psychopathology30
race or ethnicity and33
society and concern for increasing32
summary of41
time and change in32–34
of youth27, 34, 449

Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI)30
criticism of31, 35
definition and nature of31
factor structure31
narcissism and
accuracy of35, 39–40
over time using32–33

Narrative identity64, 408
autobiographical reasoning in440
becoming author in439–40
definition and nature of439
developmental psychology of440
life authorship and challenge of439
meaning in440
public health and414–15
symptom internalization and411

Narrative self386, 390, 391, 393–96

National service programs
civic engagement equality through491–92
college-educated and489–90
as institutional opportunity489–90
nature of489

Nativity status172

Negativity
development patterns of449–50
EA as time of13, 91–92
narcissism and connection to31–32
positive development and outcomes of605