... of Christendom to pray to God to beseech aid in prosecuting holy war. Every major crusading initiative after was supported by a program liturgical supplication. This was a devotional response. And it was part of a larger program of social reform and pastoral organization that sought to widen spiritual...

...This concluding chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some final thoughts. In seeking to explore the intersections between liturgy and crusading, this book offers several broader contributions. The first is to give greater texture to the premise that the crusades were...

...This book examines crusading as a family affair during the high Middle Ages. It suggests that the support of the medieval nobility for crusade expeditions in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was shaped fundamentally by knowledge and attitudes that were preserved, transformed, and transmitted...

...This epilogue discusses the apparent endurance of crusading enthusiasm in the families of King Henry II of England and King Alfonso II of Aragón at the dawning of the thirteenth century. More specifically, it considers how the nobility remained the lifeblood of the crusade movement long after royal...

... to the U.S. nation-state and established a vast network of institutions, such as parochial schools. This parochial school system is situated within a series of Catholic beliefs and groups, from Marian apparitions and the Knights of Columbus, to rosary crusades and Catholic hospitals. Luce Henry Murray John...

...This chapter analyzes the social and religious connections fostered between Cistercian nunneries and crusader families. Crusaders and their families cultivated relationships with Cistercian convents in part to benefit from the penitential piety and prayers such religious women offered...

...This chapter explores the notion of Riga as a “city of God” to which thousands of monk-knights and other warriors arrived to do battle with the pagans in Livonia, which the crusaders called the “Land of Mary.” Here, the chapter considers the city's role in the Baltic crusade as both a regional...

..., the persecution of the Jews, the myth of Trojan origins, the circulation of prophetic hopes and fears, the importance of the Crusades, and the public and private lives of the French and English kings. The chapter concludes with a note on manuscripts, previous editions, and translations of the Deeds...

... vision of crusading is in many ways threatened by the implicit complications of history that it seeks to avoid. While Richard Coer de Lyon resembles the romances of the previous chapter in its establishment of cultural binaries and in its elevation of crusading over other martial...

...This book asks why medieval romances reimagining the crusades ending in a Christian victory circulated in England with such abundance after the 1291 Muslim reconquest of Acre, the last of the Latin crusader states in the Holy Land, and what these texts reveal about the cultural anxieties of late...

...When the First Crusade ended with the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, jubilant crusaders returned home to Europe bringing with them stories, sacred relics, and other memorabilia. In the ensuing decades, the memory of the crusaders' bravery and pious sacrifice was invoked among the noble families...

...In 1098, three years into the First Crusade and after a brutal eight-month siege, the Franks captured the city of Antioch. Two days later, Muslim forces arrived with a relief army, and the victors became the besieged. Exhausted and ravaged by illness and hunger, the Franks were exhorted...

... IV pope Nicholas IV pope Philip IV king of France Jacob of Voragine Josias biblical king Dominic saint Francis saint Filles Dieu of Paris Nazareth Compiègne Normandy Orvieto Louis IX canonization sainthood mendicant movement piety Crusades spirituality Louis IX was born in 1214...

... was used as a metaphor for crusading in general and to foretell and explain the family's participation in the crusades. It begins by considering how historians viewed the eleventh-century pilgrimages to Jerusalem in the light of the First Crusade and goes on to discuss the miraculous victory of those who...

... as his failure to lead crusades despite repeated appeals to him during a period of great crisis on the crusading frontiers in Spain. When he made his testament, Alfonso named his executors, elected his place of burial, and established his temporal and spiritual legacies. Alfonso divided the lands he...

...This chapter traces the development of the departure rite for crusaders, in which rites of pilgrimage and rites for the cross came together to create a new liturgical ritual that gave specific definition and status to crusade. It was through this rite that crusaders were defined as armed pilgrims...

...This chapter examines the meaning of the crusades for nobles who thought about their family past. More specifically, it discusses the mechanism that links narratives of ancestry and the crusading past. It also considers how performances in celebratory public environments reminded twelfth-century...

..., putting front and center the ways in which Latin Christians communicated their ideas and aspirations for crusade to God through liturgy, how liturgy was deployed in crusading, and how liturgy absorbed the ideals or priorities of crusading. The hope is that, in bringing this material together as it relates...

... of this chapter bespeak men's (and women's) understanding of their relationship to God, offer an interpretation of fifteenth-century events, and reveal an apocalyptic anxiety pinned to the Ottoman specter (different in agency and reception from the apocalyptic expectations of the early crusaders). Above all...

... into the relations between Christians and Jews. The chapter shows how, in the Middle Ages, Joseph and Aseneth becomes a narrative of its heroine's conversion to Christianity and considers Jewish conversion as a deadly topic in the era following the Crusades. Adelard of Bath Aesop’s Fables Avianus...