
Contents
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Making India: Political Projects before and after 1947 Making India: Political Projects before and after 1947
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Colonial Politics and the Rise of the Indian National Congress Colonial Politics and the Rise of the Indian National Congress
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The Congress under Colonialism The Congress under Colonialism
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A Path Not (Yet) Taken: The Hindu Nationalist Movement A Path Not (Yet) Taken: The Hindu Nationalist Movement
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Regimes and Ideological Projects after Independence Regimes and Ideological Projects after Independence
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Stability and Change over Time after Independence: The Rise of Hindu Nationalism Stability and Change over Time after Independence: The Rise of Hindu Nationalism
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Armed Politics in India Armed Politics in India
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The Three Worlds of Indian Counterinsurgency The Three Worlds of Indian Counterinsurgency
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The Northeast in Comparative Perspective The Northeast in Comparative Perspective
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Kashmir and Punjab: Higher Threat, Greater Conflict Kashmir and Punjab: Higher Threat, Greater Conflict
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Naxalite Insurgency Naxalite Insurgency
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Pro-state Paramilitaries and the Sources of Alignment Pro-state Paramilitaries and the Sources of Alignment
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“Mainstream” Political Violence in State and Nation “Mainstream” Political Violence in State and Nation
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Naga Armed Groups and Shifting Political Roles, 1955–2016 Naga Armed Groups and Shifting Political Roles, 1955–2016
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Coding the Variables Coding the Variables
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The First NNC Revolt and Delhi’s Reaction: 1955–64 The First NNC Revolt and Delhi’s Reaction: 1955–64
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Limited Cooperation and Alliance: No War, No Peace, 1964–72 Limited Cooperation and Alliance: No War, No Peace, 1964–72
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War, Incorporation, and the Splintering of the NNC: 1972–88 War, Incorporation, and the Splintering of the NNC: 1972–88
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Containment Turns into Limited Cooperation: 1988–2015 Containment Turns into Limited Cooperation: 1988–2015
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The Politics of Violence in India The Politics of Violence in India
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Cite
Abstract
This chapter investigates India's distinctive patterns of armed politics. It offers a comparative historical account of the nationalist projects that survived into independence, showing how the slow but steady collapse of the Congress' nationalist project opened space for Hindu nationalism to seize the commanding heights of national power. How the Hindu majority relates to the Indian nation is a fundamental contested cleavage in Indian politics, and the ruling government's answer to this question has shifted dramatically in recent years. The chapter then explores whether these ideological projects match patterns of actual state internal security policies. A key factor in explaining state policy is the political acceptability of the demands made by armed groups. The chapter covers everything from the Kashmir insurgency to communal riots to West Bengal's militarized elections. It also looks at the Naga conflict to study in greater detail how tactical overlap emerges and vanishes, and how armed groups can change their ideological positioning.
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