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John M. Boland, Leapfrog Migration in North American Shorebirds: Intra- and Interspecific Examples, The Condor: Ornithological Applications, Volume 92, Issue 2, 1 May 1990, Pages 284–290, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368226
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Abstract
A method that detects leapfrog migration is described. It emphasizes the two-step process of leapfrog migration: the seasonal switching of latitudinal ranges and the latitudinal segregation of taxa. The method was used to make a systematic search for leapfrog migration patterns among the North American shorebirds (suborder: Charadrii). One case of intraspecific leapfrog migration, within the Rock Sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis, and several cases of interspecific leapfrog migration, within Numenius, Limosa, Arenaria, Calidris, Charadriini, Numeniini, Calidridini, Scolopacidae, and Charadrii, were revealed. In most cases, smaller species leapfrog larger species.