...This chapter reviews the history of commodity exchanges trading coffee, sugar, and cocoa. Much of the earliest trading of coffee (and other commodities) took place in coffeehouses. It is impossible not to make a mental leap to modern-day coffee shops and Starbucks franchises, where many a fledgling...

... mayonnaise coffee hydrophilic molecules lipophilic molecules oil–water partition coefficient Kow partition coefficients phase partitioning volatile aroma compounds flavor efficiency of extraction extraction efficiency flow behavior temperature transfer rate viscosity clarified butter...

... for their personal needs and to support agriculture. Groups in particular areas developed preferences for beverages with specific flavorings and characteristics: coffee berries in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula; grapes and grains from the Middle East; tea leaves, citrus, and rice from China; hops and herbs...

...This chapter details the history of America’s love affair with coffee. Coffee was not a particularly important beverage in colonial America, but for many patriotic Americans, it displaced tea as the beverage of choice during the American War of Independence. Coffee consumption increased...

... civilization is an overlooked but fascinating dimension of this historical period. Such phenomena as the slave trade and the Arab commercialization of East African coffee are examined as examples of the entrepreneurial vigor of Islamic civilization during its expansionary heyday. Arabian Peninsula black...