... Benjamin traces Islamic violence to the lack of an Enlightenment period in the “Muslim world” compared with the U.S. Likewise, Maria Miliora also claims that Muslim nations are devoid of modernity, that the Muslim countries appear to be standing still during the past 200 years while the West has greatly...

... under their patronage. The withdrawal of the European powers and the protection they had afforded the missionaries also contributed to the eroding of the Western missions. By the 1950s, the Middle East was increasingly regarded as “the Muslim world,” and religious pluralism was less and less acceptable...

...This chapter studies how the pluralistic orientation of the Senegalese Sufis serves as clear illustration of the many practical approaches to pluralism encountered in the Muslim world. It identifies the Senegalese method as “a kind of pragmatic pluralism” not grounded in a supposedly neutral...

...This concluding chapter looks into Senegal's role in relation to the future of democracy in the Muslim world. It seeks to place Senegal's supposed “exceptionalism” in a comparative regional perspective by examining the democratic developments of two of its neighbors, Mali and Niger, which both...