... crises. Some of these are at the level of what responsibilities key regulators such as the Federal Reserve are willing to accept. This chapter discusses the Obama administration's efforts to restore the health of the large financial institutions by extending as much assistance to the banks as it could...

...Actions taken by the United States and other countries during the Great Recession focused on restoring the viability of major financial institutions while guaranteeing debt and stimulating growth. Once the markets stabilized, the United States enacted regulatory reforms that ultimately left basic...

...the chapter provides a historical overview of economic crises under capitalism, stressing the relevance of institutional and social factors in understanding these disruptive episodes. capitalism economic crises Europe financial crises Frenkel Roberto debt financial crisis 2008–2009 free...

... policies patent law static efficiency development bank development transformation exchange rate policy Afro pessimism disaggregating learning cut flower industries Hujian leather processing Latin America finance Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA Doing Business indicators...

...The feasibility of industrial policies in Africa: the constraints of political economy and institutions are much exaggerated. Nor is there any basis for the “Afro-pessimism” steming from some alleged peculiarities of Africa in terms of climate, geography, culture or history. industrial policy...

...This chapter discusses the importance of discovering the institutions of representative democracy before reforming them. It considers what should be included in an institutional reform, first by describing the political processes that are or should be regulated by democratic institutions...

....” And for a specification of who “the people” are, common answers are the whole population of a nation, a territory, or a community, and all those who share a cultural identity. This chapter uses two approaches to determine “the people” relevant to representative democratic institutions: asking who benefits (“core...

..., of the characteristic of citizens. They participate in political processes, but they do not vote. They do not identify with the local community or the nation (although a few may wish to be accepted at some point). This chapter examines signs of democratic institutions—norms, practices, laws—that link quasi-citizens...

...This chapter focuses on one fact about politics that demands a new agenda in thinking about democratic institutions: that a desirable system establishes a stable set of links built around organizations. It explains how organizations and networks of organizations influence the communication between...

...This chapter focuses on one political fact that raises questions about democratic institutions and their reform and has important implications for the decision-making process: that decision making is a single process and decisions are made in multiple venues. Especially in making policy rather than...

...This concluding chapter reviews the main assumptions and arguments of the book concerning representative democracy and the need for institutional reform. In particular, it discusses six facts about politics and the false assumptions about their relationship to democratic institutions as well...

...This chapter traces the ways in which state institutions attained their independence in Europe given that modern political thinking as a genre originated as a reflection on this particular historical trajectory. It argues that while the emergence of the modern state form in early-modern Europe...

...The Economists’ Voice: Top Economists Take On Today’s Problems featured a core collection of accessible, timely essays on the challenges facing today’s global markets and financial institutions. This book is the next installment in this series, gathering together the strongest...

... democratization in the years following former President Suharto's regime. In the end, extremist violence by Islamists strengthened state security institutions, but civilian ones rather than military ones. The state made significant inroads toward identifying, prosecuting, and putting on trial those engaged...

... to mitigate Shi'a discontent, “sectarian balancing” (co-opting Sunnis to balance the Shi'a), and tacitly encouraging vitriolic anti-Shi'a discourse by Sunni clerics, repression, and censorship. Most significant, however, the revolutionary decade highlighted the importance of domestic institutions as buffers...

...this chapter focuses on financial crises paying attention to the linkages between the macroeconomy, institutions and financial intermediation, pointing out the “perverse” interactions between financial disequilibria, macroeconomic imbalances, and the (in)stability of economic institutions which...

...Public housing developments are institutions with ecological structures, features, and functions similar to those that define neighborhoods. Like neighborhoods, they possess a structural composition, have a built environment, and inspire social processes. They constitute represented communities...

...This chapter describes how money, markets, and business actually looked in ancient Athens. Since the key to Athenian business activity was the widespread purchasing power of its residents, the discussion begins with its money and credit institutions that fueled the trade, manufacturing, and retail...

...This introductory chapter discusses the concept of religion, which most scholars view as a product of Western modernity. A vital aspect of its genealogy is the deep suspicion about the power of Christian institutions that signified the thinking of Western intellectuals in the Enlightenment...