
Contents
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6.1 Introduction 6.1 Introduction
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6.2 Is This Time Different? The Political Economy of Technological Disruptions 6.2 Is This Time Different? The Political Economy of Technological Disruptions
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6.3 From Threat to Promise: Strategies for the AI-GPT Era 6.3 From Threat to Promise: Strategies for the AI-GPT Era
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6.3.1 Education: The Upcoming Revolution 6.3.1 Education: The Upcoming Revolution
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6.3.2 Upgrading Personal Services 6.3.2 Upgrading Personal Services
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6.3.3 The Direction of Technical Change: H-Enhancing or H-Replacing? 6.3.3 The Direction of Technical Change: H-Enhancing or H-Replacing?
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6.4 Concluding Remarks 6.4 Concluding Remarks
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References References
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6 Artificial Intelligence as the Next GPT: A Political-Economy Perspective
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Published:May 2019
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Abstract
History suggests that dismal prophecies regarding the impact of technological advances rarely come to pass. Many occupations will indeed vanish with the advent of AI as the new General Purpose Technology (GPT), but there may be ways to ameliorate the detrimental effects of AI, and enhance its positive ones. One is education and skills development, revamping the centuries-old "factory model" of education, and developing skills relevant for an AI-based economy-analytical, creative, interpersonal, and emotional. Another is the professionalization of personal care occupations, particularly in healthcare and education. These will provide the bulk of future employment growth, yet currently involve little training and technology, and confer low wages. New, higher standards and academic requirements for these occupations would enable AI to benefit both providers and users. A third way is to affect the direction of technical advance. We distinguish between "human-enhancing innovations" (HEI), that magnify and enhance sensory, motoric, and other such human capabilities, and "human-replacing innovations" (HRI), which replace human intervention, and often leave for humans mostly "dumb" jobs. AI-based HEIs could unleash a new wave of creativity and productivity, particularly in services, whereas HRIs might decrease employment and give rise to unworthy jobs.
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