
Contents
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The Character of a Man Shapes an Office The Character of a Man Shapes an Office
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Executive Branch Architects Executive Branch Architects
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Seizing the Reins Seizing the Reins
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Who Selects the Officers? Who Selects the Officers?
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The Senate as an Executive Council The Senate as an Executive Council
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Creating the President’s Legal Adviser Creating the President’s Legal Adviser
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Constitutional Interpretation: Creating a Bank Constitutional Interpretation: Creating a Bank
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The Emergence of Political Parties The Emergence of Political Parties
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Neutrality and Presidential Direction of Foreign Policy Neutrality and Presidential Direction of Foreign Policy
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Protecting Presidential Papers Protecting Presidential Papers
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Internal Security Internal Security
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Legacy Legacy
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Limited War Limited War
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Sedition Sedition
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Two Summoned by My Country: Washington and Adams
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Published:March 2015
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Abstract
President George Washington established many enduring constitutional precedents as he guided the establishment and early operation of the executive branch. These precedents included a mostly unitary structure of the executive branch. Washington shaped the office of attorney general to provide him sympathetic legal advice. With the Neutrality Proclamation, he asserted control of foreign policy within the limits of existing treaties and statutes. He interpreted treaties, entered executive agreements, and established executive power to recognize foreign nations. He did not use the Senate to advise in advance to treaties, but took its advice for nominations. He began the practice of asserting executive privilege against congressional demands for documents. His establishment of the two-term limit held for many years. President John Adams conducted a limited war with France and sponsored the oppressive Alien and Sedition Acts. He also nominated John Marshall for chief justice, extending his constitutional legacy.
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