... whether ethnic inequalities can be explained by the differences in the socioeconomic circumstances of the different ethnic communities, or whether minorities experience additional ethnic penalties (or premia) over and above their socioeconomic disadvantages (or, more rarely, socioeconomic advantages...

..., France, the Netherlands and the USA (the only countries for which appropriate data were available). The ethnic inequalities found in higher education largely reflect patterns seen earlier in the educational career but there is at the same time clear evidence of progress relative to majority populations...

... for International Student Assessment TIMSS Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study immigration integration ethnic inequality origin groups destination countries generational status mechanisms immigrant youth Immigration has fundamentally changed the ethnic...

... the second-generation immigrants and their majority peers. We find that institutional and migration variables affect the magnitude of ethnic educational disadvantage, even when social background is accounted for. Ethnic inequality is greater in countries like Belgium and Germany with more strongly tracked...

... groups African origin groups Latin American origin groups East European origin groups Iranian origin groups Iraqi origin groups Pakistani origin groups Lucas S R stratification in education systems ethnic inequality second generation educational career integration context upper secondary...