... productivity Slovak Republic year of transition establishing composition effects electricity manufacturing prices GDP and private firms central planning market economy reallocation service sector Central Europe employment Kornai J Lilien D OECD countries subsidies labour privatization...

... concerns the dissolution of a social base. It claims left liberalism succumbed to socio-economic inevitability, not just to infections of nationalism and imperialism, or left liberal leaders' sins of omission and commission. Identification with the nation-state, market economy, artistic and scientific...

...Under China’s dual-track system, in which the command economy and the market economy coexisted, transition was to be achieved through a gradual strengthening of the market and a step-by-step weakening of the plan. This approach had obvious advantages, including the opening up of opportunities...

... two opposing views about the reforms, resulting in debates about whether reform should be aimed at “maintaining the dominance of the planned economy and enabling a supportive market” or whether the command economy should be transformed into a market economy. Because agreement could not be reached...

...An important task in the transition to a market economy is to transform the ownership structure. In 1993, a document of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party declared that management of small state-owned enterprises could be contracted out, leased, shifted to partnerships, or sold...

... that insufficient attention has been paid to culture and institutional tradition. It shows how the shift in Japan's political ideology from traditional conservatism to neo-liberalism has resulted in a change in policy goals — from a militaristic and strongly authoritarian state to a pro-market economy and residual...

... of the rise of modernization, the switch to a market economy, and major innovations in technology. After some shifts of ideas in the 1980s, a certain degree of individualism and acceptance of Western art/cartooning was permitted. Policies, practices, and infrastructures were changed, with the establishment...

.... The situation changed drastically after China went from a planned to a market economy at the end of the twentieth century. The Shanghai studio increasingly was forced to speed up production, to fend for itself in the market, and to compete in a field of hundreds of new studios. In the early 2000s, benefiting...

... s bazaar market economy rule of law corruption global indicators order Tatiana has worked at Dordoi bazaar selling Chinese-made children’s clothing for over fifteen years. Dordoi is located on the outskirts of Bishkek, the capital city of the Central Asian country of Kyrgyzstan. Rising early...

...This chapter explores how German elites molded a bare majority to support a “Christian” policy to respond to the dire economic situation still facing the country, under the leadership of the first post-Nazi chancellor, Konrad Adenauer. The first advocates of the “social market economy” argued...

...This chapter examines the economy that Vladimir Putin inherited when he took power. During the 1990s, Russian President Boris Yeltsin had begun moving Russia toward a market economy, eliminating price controls and privatizing industries and real estate. Yeltsin’s reforms, however, were overshadowed...

... disadvantage of the country, general instability in the Balkans and discontinuities in the government's process of privatisation and orientation to a market economy. During Bulgaria's period of transformation, two major tendencies in its education system developed: the phenomenon of students dropping out from...

... in the return to skills and a marked decrease in return to employment experience. The transition to a market economy therefore resulted in strong discrimination against older, unskilled workers who lost employment disproportionately in comparison to their well-trained, younger counterparts. education education...

...Chapter five presents the first country case study on postal reform in France. It explains why reform in the state-led market economy (SME) has come with significant delay, mainly as a response to EU-imposed requirements. The chapter illustrates how the transition towards the regulatory state has...

...Chapter seven studies postal reform in Britain, which constitutes an outlier in the context of the liberal market economy. A first section explains why the process towards liberalisation and privatisation in the postal sector has been lengthy and difficult, to the extent that change has ultimately...

... and the emperor's moral legitimacy was high; c. 1760–1799, when centralized state power unraveled, commercial prosperity continued, and the emperor's moral legitimacy was low; and c. 1800–1839, when both centralized state power and the market economy were in crisis...

... exposed fundamental contradictions at the heart of the new market economy of which London was the crucible. As levels of drunkenness continued to rise a small but well-organised group of campaigners led by Thomas Wilson, the Bishop of Sodor and Man, the physician Stephen Hales and Sir Joseph Jekyll, MP...

... Examiner Vaughan John Market economy Service work Black entrepreneurs Middle classes Social identity Personal appearance Refinement Eliza Potter Salmon Portland Chase John Mercer Langston As much as whites’ public discourse about race questioned the ability of black and white people to live...

... and payments that are situated within a market economy. It shows how the calculative mechanism of envelopes and their valuation exceed the logic of the payment, emphasizing the distinctiveness of each person. anticorruption campaigns bribery copayments corruption Don’t Bribe A Bribe Is Not a Guarantee TIL...

.... The article documents South Korea’s transition into a market economy, marked by reforms in the financial sector and corporate governance, as well as reforms in foreign direct investment and even labor markets. Finally, it appraises a number of challenges that the Korean political economy must deal...