...This chapter examines Western missionaries' accounts of the Chinese language. It analyzes various aspects of missionaries' learning process, their views of the Chinese language, problems with translation and the alternative practice of Pidgin English. It explains that the missionaries considered...

...Having developed in South China, Chinese Pidgin English (CPE) spread into Southeast Asia. Evidence from historical sources attests to the use of CPE in Singapore, Malaysia, Borneo, and Makassar. These sources show CPE to have been used in several contexts including in trading houses, between...

...Western “face” was born in international trading communities in China via the use of Chinese Pidgin English. The term was appropriated by Westerners as a wholly negative trait supposedly endemic to Chinese society, which they explained as a preoccupation with “saving face,” a term that does...

... Company tragedy non-tragic sequels Melville C. L. R. James Frank Stella Amitav Ghosh genre-switching background to foreground migrant labor pidgin English How broad is the scope of tragedy, and how inevitable the catastrophe at the end? Is all the world under its jurisdiction, or are there some...

... Bazaar Malay China Chinese Pidgin English CPE lingua francas Malay language Meyerhoff Miriam Peranakans Portuguese language precolonial Southeast Asia trade contacts world Englishes model Bali Basadagang Malay Borneo Buddhism Islamic cultural influences Java Pigafetta Antonio...

..., partly because the personal interests of the residents were linked to the British and their legal and illegal trade. Given the growing contact between foreigners and Chinese, neither being allowed to learn the others’ language, a form of pidgin English arose to meet the trading needs. As the British...

... Basque Nigerian Pidgin English Pipil Singlish Slavic minorities typological profile Europe is a geographically compact region; with reference to language contact, however, Europe might be said to constitute a much larger, and diffuse entity. As a result of the spread of European languages to other...