
Contents
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The Cast of Players The Cast of Players
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Poeciliidae (Live-Bearing Fishes) Poeciliidae (Live-Bearing Fishes)
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Poecilia (Formerly Mollienesia) formosa Poecilia (Formerly Mollienesia) formosa
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Poeciliopsis monacha-lucida Poeciliopsis monacha-lucida
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Atherinidae (Silversides) Atherinidae (Silversides)
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Menidia clarkhubbsi Menidia clarkhubbsi
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Cyprinidae (Minnows and Allies) Cyprinidae (Minnows and Allies)
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Carassius auratus gibelio Carassius auratus gibelio
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Phoxinus eos-neogaeus Phoxinus eos-neogaeus
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Leuciscus (or Rutilus or Tropidophoxinellus) alburnoides Leuciscus (or Rutilus or Tropidophoxinellus) alburnoides
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Cobitidae (Loach Fish) Cobitidae (Loach Fish)
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Cobitis elongatoidestaenia Cobitis elongatoidestaenia
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Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
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Cyprinodontidae (Killifish) Cyprinodontidae (Killifish)
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Ambystomatidae (Mole Salamanders) Ambystomatidae (Mole Salamanders)
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Ambystoma lateraletexanum Ambystoma lateraletexanum
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Ranidae (“True Frogs”) Ranidae (“True Frogs”)
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Rana esculenta Rana esculenta
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Cellular and Genetic Mechanisms Cellular and Genetic Mechanisms
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Gynogenesis Gynogenesis
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Hybridogenesis Hybridogenesis
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Kleptogenesis Kleptogenesis
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Evolution and Phylogeny Evolution and Phylogeny
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Hybrid Origins Hybrid Origins
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Parent Sexual Species and Direction of Cross Parent Sexual Species and Direction of Cross
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Triploid Mechanics Triploid Mechanics
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Number of Hybridization Events Number of Hybridization Events
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Genealogical Histories Genealogical Histories
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Evolutionary Ages of Clones and Hemiclones Evolutionary Ages of Clones and Hemiclones
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Comparative Ecology and Natural History Comparative Ecology and Natural History
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Summary of Part II Summary of Part II
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CHAPTER FOUR Reproduction by the Semichaste: Gynogenesis, Hybridogenesis, and Kleptogenesis
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Published:October 2008
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Abstract
Three natural quasi-asexual or quasi-sexual genetic modes (hybridogenesis, hybridogenesis, and kleptogenesis) can be described as parthenogenetic-like processes with added dashes of sex. Females in the clonal or hemi-clonal taxa that live these reproductive lifestyles are not virgins; rather, each mates with a male from a foreign species and utilizes his sperm. However, because of the cellular mechanics involved, these males usually make no lasting genetic contribution to future generations of the unisexual lineage. Instead, they have been the duped victims of sexual parasitism. Approximately 50 “species” of fish and amphibian, usually but not always consisting solely of females, constitutively reproduce by one or another of these mechanisms of sexual parasitism. This chapter describes the cellular bases, evolutionary histories, and ecological ramifications of all known cases of sperm-dependent unisexuality in vertebrate animals.
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