
Contents
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11.1 Introduction and overview 11.1 Introduction and overview
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11.2 Top-down and bottom-up attention 11.2 Top-down and bottom-up attention
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11.3 Phenomena of attention 11.3 Phenomena of attention
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11.3.1 Visual search 11.3.1 Visual search
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11.3.2 Attention over time 11.3.2 Attention over time
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11.3.3 Change blindness and inattentional blindness 11.3.3 Change blindness and inattentional blindness
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11.3.4 Other attentional capabilities 11.3.4 Other attentional capabilities
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11.4 Models of attention 11.4 Models of attention
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11.4.1 Qualitative models of attention 11.4.1 Qualitative models of attention
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Controlled parallel scheme Controlled parallel scheme
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Feature integration theory Feature integration theory
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Integrated competition hypothesis Integrated competition hypothesis
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11.4.2 Bundesen’s theory of visual attention 11.4.2 Bundesen’s theory of visual attention
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11.4.3 Saliency maps and eye saccades 11.4.3 Saliency maps and eye saccades
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11.4.4 Dynamic neural fields of attention 11.4.4 Dynamic neural fields of attention
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11.5 Summary and outlook 11.5 Summary and outlook
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11.6 Exercises 11.6 Exercises
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11 Attention
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Published:January 2017
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Abstract
Cognition does not work without attention. Attention enables us to focus on particular tasks and particular aspects in the environment. Psychological insights show that attention exhibits bottom-up and top-down components. Attention is attracted from the bottom-up towards unusual, exceptional, and unexpected sensory information. Top-down attention, on the other hand, filters information dependent on the current task-oriented expectations, which depend on the available generative models. This computational interpretation enables the explanation of conjunctive and disjunctive search. Different models of attention emphasize the importance of the unfolding interaction processes and a processing bottleneck can be detected. As a result, attention can be viewed as a dynamic control process that unfolds in redundant, neural fields, in which the selection of one interpretation and thus the processing bottleneck is strongest at the current focus of attention. The actual focus of attention itself is determined by the current behavioral and cognitive goals.
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