
Contents
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9.1 Introduction 9.1 Introduction
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9.2 Axon—Schwann cell interactions regulate the Schwann cell phenotype 9.2 Axon—Schwann cell interactions regulate the Schwann cell phenotype
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9.3 Changes in the distal nerve stump that promote axonal regeneration 9.3 Changes in the distal nerve stump that promote axonal regeneration
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9.4 The fidelity of axonal regeneration 9.4 The fidelity of axonal regeneration
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9.5 Peripheral nerve injury and trophic factors 9.5 Peripheral nerve injury and trophic factors
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9.5.1 Neurotrophins and their receptors 9.5.1 Neurotrophins and their receptors
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9.5.2 NGF 9.5.2 NGF
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9.5.3 BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4/5 9.5.3 BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4/5
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9.5.4 Expression of neurotrophin receptors by Schwann cells 9.5.4 Expression of neurotrophin receptors by Schwann cells
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9.5.5 CNTF, LIF and their receptors 9.5.5 CNTF, LIF and their receptors
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9.5.6 CNTF 9.5.6 CNTF
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9.5.7 LIF 9.5.7 LIF
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9.5.8 The TGF-β superfamily 9.5.8 The TGF-β superfamily
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9.5.9 TGF-βs 9.5.9 TGF-βs
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9.5.10 GDNF 9.5.10 GDNF
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9.5.11 IGF 9.5.11 IGF
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9.6 Extracellular matrix and Schwann cell adhesion molecules promote axonal regeneration 9.6 Extracellular matrix and Schwann cell adhesion molecules promote axonal regeneration
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9.6.1 Families of cell adhesion molecules 9.6.1 Families of cell adhesion molecules
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9.6.2 Adhesive interactions that promote axonal regeneration 9.6.2 Adhesive interactions that promote axonal regeneration
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Summary Summary
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
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References References
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9 Axon–Schwann cell interactions during peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration
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Published:November 1997
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Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury, the distal nerve stump undergoes a series of dramatic changes collectively referred to as Wallerian degeneration. These include degeneration of axons and myelin sheaths, proliferation and dedifferentiation of Schwann cells, infiltration of macrophages, and clearance of degenerating myelin and axons. Together these changes create an environment that facilitates axonal regeneration. Schwann cells provide a particularly effective substrate for axonal regeneration owing to the changes in their phenotype following axotomy, as they decrease their expression of myelin-related proteins and increase their expression of cell adhesion molecules and a number of neurotrophic factors and cytokines. Axons regenerate to and through the distal nerve stump, growing on and guided by Schwann cells and their basal lamina. As axons regenerate, axon-Schwann cell interactions are renewed, leading to remyelination and restoration of the physiologic function of the nerve fibre.
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