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11.1 Civic Radicalism: Intellectuals in Search of a New Identity 11.1 Civic Radicalism: Intellectuals in Search of a New Identity
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11.2 Socialism and Underdevelopment 11.2 Socialism and Underdevelopment
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11.3 Agrarian Populism: An East Central European Local Tradition? 11.3 Agrarian Populism: An East Central European Local Tradition?
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11.4 Anarchists and Anarcho-syndicalists: Contesting Evolutionary Socialism 11.4 Anarchists and Anarcho-syndicalists: Contesting Evolutionary Socialism
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11 The Left and the Ambiguity of the Marxist Package
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Published:February 2016
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Abstract
With the rising prominence of leftist ideologies throughout Europe, thinkers from this region were faced with the challenge of translating and adapting socialist doctrine to local realities, characterized especially by the lack of a mass proletariat. As a result, various groups and paradigms emerged. Apart from the social democrats connected to the Second International, there were “agrarian populists” who believed that “orthodox” Marxism could not solve the problems of an agrarian society. There were anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists, who rejected Marxist socialism as bureaucratic and detrimental to real freedom. Lastly, there were “civic radical” intellectuals who sympathized with a broadly conceived socialist left but were wary of party discipline and critical of what they saw as reductionist materialism. In all these subcultures, the question of the peasantry, the relationship of nationalism and internationalism, and the divergence of evolutionary and revolutionary visions of transformation were central to the debate.
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