
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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I. TRIPS: Beyond Reductionist Narratives I. TRIPS: Beyond Reductionist Narratives
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A. The Four TRIPS Narratives A. The Four TRIPS Narratives
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B. The Displacement of Innovation B. The Displacement of Innovation
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C. Calibration in International Negotiations C. Calibration in International Negotiations
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II. The Parameters of Calibration II. The Parameters of Calibration
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A. Defining the Objective A. Defining the Objective
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B. TRIPS and Traditional Innovation B. TRIPS and Traditional Innovation
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C. Distinctions Among Developing Countries C. Distinctions Among Developing Countries
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D. Distinctions Among Industries D. Distinctions Among Industries
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III. Calibrating Towards Innovation III. Calibrating Towards Innovation
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A. R&D Spillovers A. R&D Spillovers
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B. Clusters and Growth Poles B. Clusters and Growth Poles
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Conclusion Conclusion
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13 Global Ethical Boundaries of Intellectual Property and Development: The Case of Genome Sequencing
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Cite
Abstract
International intellectual property policy debates have moved inexorably towards calibration. This is fairly recent, however, and has not been completely internalized in negotiations. Indeed, when the first edition of this book was published (2007), it was still controversial to say that the TRIPS Agreement had entered a national calibration phase. Two of the key insights that have emerged since then and seem almost self-evident today are that (a) because each country is uniquedifferent, it and should tailor its intellectual property policy to its own needs; and (b) that intellectual property policy forms part of a broader set of policies designed to maximize domestic innovation while taking due account of welfare costs in key areas such as access to pharmaceutical products and the development of vibrant marketplaces for products services and ideas. This had led to the search for proper policy levers and parameters to perform a proper calibration analysis. Calibration is not simple, but it is essential. Policies designed to optimize innovation while minimizing welfare costs should enhance economic growth, facilitate cultural prosperity, and foster human development.
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