
Contents
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5.1 Introduction 5.1 Introduction
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5.2 Linguistic paleontology gone awry: The “Beech Tree” and the “Salmon” Theories 5.2 Linguistic paleontology gone awry: The “Beech Tree” and the “Salmon” Theories
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5.2.1 The “Beech Tree” Theory 5.2.1 The “Beech Tree” Theory
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5.2.2 The “Salmon” Theory 5.2.2 The “Salmon” Theory
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5.3 The horse, the wheel, and the chariot: The archaeological and linguistic evidence 5.3 The horse, the wheel, and the chariot: The archaeological and linguistic evidence
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5.3.1 Horse domestication and linguistic paleontology 5.3.1 Horse domestication and linguistic paleontology
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5.3.2 The wheel and linguistic paleontology 5.3.2 The wheel and linguistic paleontology
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5.3.3 The two-wheeled, horse-drawn battle chariot, linguistic paleontology, and textual evidence 5.3.3 The two-wheeled, horse-drawn battle chariot, linguistic paleontology, and textual evidence
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5.3.4 A note on pastoralism and agriculture 5.3.4 A note on pastoralism and agriculture
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5.3.5 Conclusions 5.3.5 Conclusions
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5.4 The horse, the wheel, the chariot, and pastoralism: Ideological and scholarly alternatives 5.4 The horse, the wheel, the chariot, and pastoralism: Ideological and scholarly alternatives
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5.4.1 Indo-Europeans as inventors of the wheel? 5.4.1 Indo-Europeans as inventors of the wheel?
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5.4.2 Arkaim, horse-and-chariot culture, Kuz’mina, and Russian nationalism 5.4.2 Arkaim, horse-and-chariot culture, Kuz’mina, and Russian nationalism
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5.4.3 The “Anatolian Hypothesis” 5.4.3 The “Anatolian Hypothesis”
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5.4.3.1 Methodological and related empirical concerns 5.4.3.1 Methodological and related empirical concerns
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5.4.3.2 Linguistic paleontological issues 5.4.3.2 Linguistic paleontological issues
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5.4.4 Ideology and ideological responses 5.4.4 Ideology and ideological responses
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5.5 Conclusions and outlook 5.5 Conclusions and outlook
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
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5 Indo-European linguistic paleontology and ideology: Nice wheels!
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Published:April 2024
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Abstract
The interaction between historical linguistics and ideology can be twofold. On one hand, historical linguistic findings may be seized upon—or rejected—by ideologically motivated movements; on the other, they may themselves be influenced by (overt or covert) biases or ideological motivations. This chapter examines issues in Indo-European linguistic paleontology that have implications for both types of reactions and concludes that historical linguists must exercise caution, lest they unwittingly support ideologically motivated agendas or get carried away by their own agendas. The chapter shows that early attempts to locate the Indo-European homeland in Europe are based on selective interpretation of linguistic paleontological evidence. A more likely interpretation of linguistic paleontological and archaeological evidence, based on the domestication of horses and the use of two-wheeled horse-drawn battle chariots, supports a spread from an area in or near the Eurasian Steppes, around the fourth millennium bc. This interpretation is questioned from two sides. Indian nationalists reject it because it conflicts with their view that the “Aryans” were indigenous in India. Publications by Atkinson and Gray (e.g. 2006ab,) argue that the homeland was Anatolia, around 6000 bc, and reject the reconstruction of PIE words for ‘horse’ and ‘wheel/chariot.’ The chapter examines these and other proposals and demonstrates that a Steppe origin of Indo-European in the fourth millenium bc best accounts for the available evidence.
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