
Contents
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12.1 Introduction 12.1 Introduction
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12.2 The rise of the National Language 12.2 The rise of the National Language
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12.3 The intrinsic relation between language and nation 12.3 The intrinsic relation between language and nation
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12.3.1 Germany 12.3.1 Germany
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12.3.2 France 12.3.2 France
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12.4 Language conflicts 12.4 Language conflicts
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12.4.1 Frisian 12.4.1 Frisian
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12.4.2 Flanders 12.4.2 Flanders
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12.4.3 Spain 12.4.3 Spain
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12.4.4 Post-Habsburgian language conflicts 12.4.4 Post-Habsburgian language conflicts
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12.4.5 Minorities in former communist countries 12.4.5 Minorities in former communist countries
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12.4.6 Nazi attempts to support minorities 12.4.6 Nazi attempts to support minorities
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12.4.6.1 The Low Countries 12.4.6.1 The Low Countries
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12.4.6.2 Brittany 12.4.6.2 Brittany
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12.5 History and purpose of the Charter 12.5 History and purpose of the Charter
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12.5.1 Precursors of the Charter 12.5.1 Precursors of the Charter
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12.5.2 Rise of sociolinguistics 12.5.2 Rise of sociolinguistics
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12.5.3 Role of the EU 12.5.3 Role of the EU
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12.5.4 The Charter 12.5.4 The Charter
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12.6 Application of the Charter 12.6 Application of the Charter
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12.6.1 The Netherlands 12.6.1 The Netherlands
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12.6.2 Hungary 12.6.2 Hungary
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12.6.3 Discussions about the Charter 12.6.3 Discussions about the Charter
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12.6.3.1 France 12.6.3.1 France
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12.6.3.2 Georgia 12.6.3.2 Georgia
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12.7 Conclusion 12.7 Conclusion
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12 The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Turning the tide against linguistic nationalism
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Published:April 2024
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Abstract
This chapter describes the fight for linguistic minority rights in Europe. The essentialist conception of language and nation, which has become common since German Romanticism and which has been an important driver of nineteenth-century nationalism in Europe, appears to be one of the most important factors in downplaying non-national languages. Also the influence of the French Revolutionary ideas about equal rights on the promotion of the national language diminished the prestige of non-national languages. Consequently, the emphasis on the national language led to resistance among speakers of minority languages in several parts of Europe. The European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages is an attempt to overcome the language conflicts and to give rights to speakers of non-national languages. In the second part of this contribution the Charter and its working is discussed. Examples of language discussions are presented from the Netherlands, France, Hungary (especially the position of Roma speakers), and Georgia.
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