
Contents
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5.1 Introduction 5.1 Introduction
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5.2 Distribution, Competition and Merger of is and biðClose 5.2 Distribution, Competition and Merger of is and biðClose
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5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.1 Introduction
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5.2.2 Suppletion 5.2.2 Suppletion
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5.2.3 Old English: Near-complementary Distribution with Fuzzy Boundaries 5.2.3 Old English: Near-complementary Distribution with Fuzzy Boundaries
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5.2.3.1 is 5.2.3.1 is
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5.2.3.2 bið 5.2.3.2 bið
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5.2.3.3 Quantitative Analysis 5.2.3.3 Quantitative Analysis
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5.2.3.4 Note on the Prehistory of is and bið 5.2.3.4 Note on the Prehistory of is and bið
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5.2.4 Merger of is and bið 5.2.4 Merger of is and bið
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5.2.4.1 Grammaticalization of sceal beon 5.2.4.1 Grammaticalization of sceal beon
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5.2.4.2 Generalization of Plural beoð 5.2.4.2 Generalization of Plural beoð
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5.2.4.3 Relative Chronology of the Two Developments 5.2.4.3 Relative Chronology of the Two Developments
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5.2.4.4 Interaction between the Two Developments 5.2.4.4 Interaction between the Two Developments
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5.2.5 Conclusion 5.2.5 Conclusion
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5.3 Distribution and Competition of bið and (ge)wierð and Loss of (ge)wierð 5.3 Distribution and Competition of bið and (ge)wierð and Loss of (ge)wierð
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5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.1 Introduction
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5.3.2 Distributional Distinctiveness between (ge)wierð and bið 5.3.2 Distributional Distinctiveness between (ge)wierð and bið
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5.3.3 The Development of the Analytic Future and its Impact on (ge)wierð 5.3.3 The Development of the Analytic Future and its Impact on (ge)wierð
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5.3.4 The Loss of the Component of Change in (ge)wierð 5.3.4 The Loss of the Component of Change in (ge)wierð
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5.3.5 The Loss of the Impersonal Construction 5.3.5 The Loss of the Impersonal Construction
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5.3.6 Conclusion 5.3.6 Conclusion
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5.4 Conclusions 5.4 Conclusions
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Cite
Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses the merger of copular is and bið into a single suppletive paradigm in Middle English. Old English is is shown typically to encode present states of specific subjects, and identification. Bið encodes future situations and generic statements with future validity. Importantly, the high frequency of statements about kinds, instead of individuals, made plural forms of bið more conspicuous than those of is. Balance is lost in late Old English, when [shall Inf] grammaticalized as a new marker of the future. Bið’s futurity sense eroded, and confusion with is arose. Their distribution was reanalyzed, guided by their number asymmetry: bið was restricted to plural and is to singular number.
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