
Contents
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1. Anatomy and function of the visual system 1. Anatomy and function of the visual system
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A. Retina A. Retina
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B. Fovea centralis and optic disc B. Fovea centralis and optic disc
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C. Blood supply to the retina C. Blood supply to the retina
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D. Optic nerve and optic chiasm D. Optic nerve and optic chiasm
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E. Lateral geniculate body and optic radiation E. Lateral geniculate body and optic radiation
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F. Visual cortex F. Visual cortex
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G. Blood supply to the visual pathway G. Blood supply to the visual pathway
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H. Cytoarchitecture of the visual system and higher cortical functions H. Cytoarchitecture of the visual system and higher cortical functions
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I. Special visual functions I. Special visual functions
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2. Examination of visual functions 2. Examination of visual functions
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A. Visual acuity A. Visual acuity
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B. Visual fields B. Visual fields
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i. Central scotoma i. Central scotoma
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ii. Other visual field defects ii. Other visual field defects
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iii. Constriction of peripheral visual field iii. Constriction of peripheral visual field
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C. Ophthalmoscopic examination of ocular fundus C. Ophthalmoscopic examination of ocular fundus
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i. Optic disc i. Optic disc
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ii. Physiologic cup of optic disc ii. Physiologic cup of optic disc
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iii. Fovea centralis iii. Fovea centralis
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iv. Retinal pigment degeneration iv. Retinal pigment degeneration
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v. Observation of retinal blood vessels v. Observation of retinal blood vessels
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Bibliography Bibliography
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Cite
Abstract
This chapter discusses the anatomic basis of the visual functions, and symptoms and signs caused by its impairment, and representative diseases or syndromes presenting with visual disturbance. How much detail of visual acuity should be measured depends on the tentative diagnosis based on the history taking and on the clinical set-up in the hospital. At any rate, it is important to examine the visual acuity for each eye independently. For quantitative measurement of visual acuity, various charts are available. Visual acuity can be measured for both near and far, relevant for reading and seeing at a distance, respectively. Differences in acuity for near and far are indicative of ophthalmologic causes.
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