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1. Examination of involuntary movements 1. Examination of involuntary movements
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2. Tremor 2. Tremor
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A. Resting tremor A. Resting tremor
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B. Postural tremor B. Postural tremor
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i. Essential tremor i. Essential tremor
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ii. Other conditions presenting with postural tremor ii. Other conditions presenting with postural tremor
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iii. Titubation iii. Titubation
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iv. Physiologic tremor iv. Physiologic tremor
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C. Action tremor C. Action tremor
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3. Chorea 3. Chorea
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4. Ballism 4. Ballism
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5. Athetosis 5. Athetosis
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6. Dystonia 6. Dystonia
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A. Functional abnormality of the sensori-motor cortex in focal dystonia A. Functional abnormality of the sensori-motor cortex in focal dystonia
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B. Fixed dystonia B. Fixed dystonia
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C. Sensory trick C. Sensory trick
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D. Causes of generalized dystonia D. Causes of generalized dystonia
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E. Hereditary dystonia E. Hereditary dystonia
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7. Dyskinesia 7. Dyskinesia
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8. Myoclonus 8. Myoclonus
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A. Myoclonus of cortical origin A. Myoclonus of cortical origin
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i. Cortical reflex myoclonus i. Cortical reflex myoclonus
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ii. Causes of cortical myoclonus ii. Causes of cortical myoclonus
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iii. Negative myoclonus iii. Negative myoclonus
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B. Myoclonus of brainstem origin B. Myoclonus of brainstem origin
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C. Myoclonus of spinal cord origin C. Myoclonus of spinal cord origin
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D. Myoclonus of undetermined origin D. Myoclonus of undetermined origin
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i. Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease i. Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
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ii. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) ii. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
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9. Motor stereotypies 9. Motor stereotypies
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10. Involuntary movements that can be suppressed momentarily 10. Involuntary movements that can be suppressed momentarily
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A. Tics A. Tics
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B. Functional (psychogenic) involuntary movements B. Functional (psychogenic) involuntary movements
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C. Restless legs syndrome C. Restless legs syndrome
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11. Involuntary movements of peripheral nerve origin 11. Involuntary movements of peripheral nerve origin
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Bibliography Bibliography
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19. C19Involuntary movements
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Published:August 2022
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Abstract
Involuntary movements, or hyperkinetic movement disorders, are defined as abnormal unintended movements. The movement should be defined as “abnormal” because not all unintended movements are abnormal. For example, movements like blinks, spontaneous eye movements, chewing, swallowing, yawning, breathing, walking, and habits can be executed voluntarily, but they may occur spontaneously without involving “will to move.” Involuntary movements are grouped into several categories depending on their characteristic clinical features. They include tremor, chorea, ballism, athetosis, dystonia, myoclonus, dyskinesia, tics, and asterixis, and many of them were described more than 100 years ago based on clinical observation. Usually it is possible to classify involuntary movements by visual inspection, but electrophysiologic tests are useful in confirming the diagnosis of some of them.
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