Higher-Order Evidence: New Essays
Higher-Order Evidence: New Essays
Professor of Philosophy
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Abstract
We often have reason to doubt our own ability to form rational beliefs, or to doubt that some particular belief of ours is rational. Perhaps we learn that a trusted friend disagrees with us about what our shared evidence supports. Or perhaps we learn that our beliefs have been afflicted by motivated reasoning or other cognitive biases. These are examples of higher-order evidence. While it may seem plausible that higher-order evidence should somehow impact our beliefs, it is less clear how and why. Normally, when evidence impacts our beliefs, it does so by virtue of speaking for or against the truth of their contents. But higher-order evidence does not directly concern the contents of the beliefs that they impact. In recent years, philosophers have become increasingly aware of the need to understand the nature and normative role of higher-order evidence. This is partly due to the pervasiveness of higher-order evidence in human life, for example in the form of disagreement. But it has also become clear that higher-order evidence lies at the heart of a number of central epistemological debates, spanning from classical disputes between internalists and externalists to more recent discussions of peer disagreement and epistemic akrasia. Many of the controversies within these and other debates stem, at least in part, from conflicting views about the normative significance of higher-order evidence. This collection brings together, for the first time, a distinguished group of leading and up-and-coming epistemologists to explore a wide range of interrelated issues about higher-order evidence.
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Front Matter
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Introduction
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1
Formulating Independence
David Christensen
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2
Higher-Order Uncertainty
Kevin Dorst
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3
Evidence of Evidence as Higher-Order Evidence
Anna-Maria A. Eder andPeter Brössel
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4
Fragmentation and Higher-Order Evidence
Daniel Greco
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5
Predictably Misleading Evidence
Sophie Horowitz
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6
Escaping the Akratic Trilemma
Klemens Kappel
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7
Higher-Order Defeat and Evincibility
Maria Lasonen-Aarnio
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8
The Puzzles of Easy Knowledge and of Higher-Order Evidence: A Unified Solution
Ram Neta
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9
Higher-Order Defeat and the Impossibility of Self-Misleading Evidence
Mattias Skipper
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10
Higher-Order Defeat and Doxastic Resilience
Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen
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11
Return to Reason
Michael G. Titelbaum
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12
Whither Higher-Order Evidence?
Daniel Whiting
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13
Evidence of Evidence in Epistemic Logic
Timothy Williamson
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14
Can Your Total Evidence Mislead About Itself?
Alex Worsnip
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End Matter
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