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Thyroid cancer: introduction Thyroid cancer: introduction
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Histological types Histological types
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Aetiology Aetiology
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Well-differentiated carcinoma thyroid Well-differentiated carcinoma thyroid
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Medullary carcinoma thyroid Medullary carcinoma thyroid
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Anaplastic carcinoma thyroid Anaplastic carcinoma thyroid
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Staging Staging
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AJCC/UICC TNM Classification (6th edition) AJCC/UICC TNM Classification (6th edition)
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Primary Primary
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Regional lymph nodes (cervical and upper mediastinal) Regional lymph nodes (cervical and upper mediastinal)
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Distant metastases Distant metastases
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Staging of epithelial thyroid carcinomas Staging of epithelial thyroid carcinomas
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Other staging/prognostication systems in use Other staging/prognostication systems in use
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Further reading Further reading
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Thyroid cancer: management of differentiated cancer Thyroid cancer: management of differentiated cancer
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Surgery Surgery
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Thyroid Thyroid
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Lymph nodes Lymph nodes
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Postoperative management Postoperative management
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Radioiodine ablation Radioiodine ablation
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Indications for radioiodine ablation Indications for radioiodine ablation
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Absolute indications Absolute indications
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Probable indications Probable indications
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Radioiodine ablation unnecessary Radioiodine ablation unnecessary
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Procedure for ablation Procedure for ablation
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Follow-up and further management Follow-up and further management
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Role of external beam radiotherapy Role of external beam radiotherapy
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Medical management Medical management
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Role of chemotherapy Role of chemotherapy
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Prognosis Prognosis
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Further reading Further reading
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Internet resource Internet resource
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Thyroid cancer: medullary carcinoma Thyroid cancer: medullary carcinoma
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Evaluation Evaluation
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Surgery Surgery
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Thyroid Thyroid
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Lymph nodes Lymph nodes
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Postoperative management Postoperative management
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Role of external beam radiotherapy Role of external beam radiotherapy
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Follow-up Follow-up
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Prognosis Prognosis
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Recurrence and management Recurrence and management
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Palliative measures Palliative measures
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Genetic counselling Genetic counselling
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Further reading Further reading
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Internet resource Internet resource
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Thyroid cancer: anaplastic carcinoma Thyroid cancer: anaplastic carcinoma
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Role of surgery Role of surgery
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Role of radiotherapy Role of radiotherapy
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Role of chemoirradiation Role of chemoirradiation
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Follow-up Follow-up
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Prognosis Prognosis
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Progression and management Progression and management
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Further reading Further reading
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Primary thyroid lymphoma Primary thyroid lymphoma
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Introduction Introduction
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Pathology Pathology
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Investigations Investigations
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Staging Staging
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Treatment Treatment
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Surgery Surgery
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Prognostic factors and survival Prognostic factors and survival
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Relapse Relapse
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Further reading Further reading
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Parathyroid cancer Parathyroid cancer
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Aetiology Aetiology
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Pathology Pathology
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Staging Staging
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Treatment Treatment
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Surgical treatment Surgical treatment
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Radiotherapy Radiotherapy
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Medical treatment Medical treatment
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Genetic screening Genetic screening
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Prognosis Prognosis
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Further reading Further reading
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Adrenocortical carcinoma Adrenocortical carcinoma
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Introduction Introduction
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Pathological assessment Pathological assessment
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Staging Staging
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Management Management
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Surgery Surgery
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Radiotherapy Radiotherapy
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Chemotherapy Chemotherapy
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Combination chemotherapy Combination chemotherapy
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General medical management General medical management
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Survival and prognosis Survival and prognosis
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Follow-up Follow-up
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Further reading Further reading
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Internet resources Internet resources
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Neuroendocrine tumours Neuroendocrine tumours
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Aetiology Aetiology
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Pathology Pathology
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Treatment Treatment
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Surgical treatment Surgical treatment
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Medical treatment Medical treatment
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Embolization of liver metastases Embolization of liver metastases
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Radiofrequency ablation/cryoablation Radiofrequency ablation/cryoablation
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Somatostatin analogues Somatostatin analogues
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Interferon alpha Interferon alpha
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Systemic chemotherapy Systemic chemotherapy
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Molecular targeted therapy Molecular targeted therapy
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Radiolabelled somatostatin Radiolabelled somatostatin
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Carcinoid crisis Carcinoid crisis
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Prognosis Prognosis
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Further reading Further reading
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Cite
Extract
Thyroid cancer: introduction
Epidemiology
Malignancies of the thyroid gland are the commonest endocrine malignancy but comprise <1% of cancer incidence overall (Coleman et al. 1999). The incidence is increasing slowly. The highest incidence is seen in North and Central America, and Australasia, with the lowest incidence in Africa.
Histological types
Classification is according to the cell of origin. Of those of epithelial cell origin, the differentiated papillary and follicular carcinomas are the most common; anaplastic or undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas are less frequent. Medullary carcinomas originate from the parafollicular C cells. Finally, primary thyroid lymphomas can occur which are discussed elsewhere (see p.462). Reporting of histopathology should be performed by a histo/cytopathologist with a special interest in thyroid malignancy (RCP 2005).
Molecular profiles are being established for thyroid cancers and many genetic abnormalities have been identified. At present this has clinical relevance for medullary carcinoma but may become increasingly important for other tumour types.
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