
Contents
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Cancer prevention Cancer prevention
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Risk and protective factors of cancer Risk and protective factors of cancer
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Smoking and cancer Smoking and cancer
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Infectious diseases Infectious diseases
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Radiation exposure Radiation exposure
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Environmental hazards Environmental hazards
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Obesity, diet, and alcohol Obesity, diet, and alcohol
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Physical activity Physical activity
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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
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Cellular phone Cellular phone
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Prevention of cancer Prevention of cancer
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Chemoprevention Chemoprevention
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Chemoprevention in breast cancer Chemoprevention in breast cancer
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Chemoprevention in colorectal cancer Chemoprevention in colorectal cancer
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Vaccination Vaccination
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Vitamins and dietary supplements Vitamins and dietary supplements
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Surgical prevention Surgical prevention
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Further reading Further reading
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Internet resources Internet resources
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Cancer screening Cancer screening
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Introduction Introduction
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Cervical screening Cervical screening
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Breast Breast
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Bowel Bowel
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Prostate Prostate
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Lung Lung
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Ovary Ovary
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Screening women at higher risk Screening women at higher risk
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Further reading Further reading
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Internet resources Internet resources
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Cancer genetics Cancer genetics
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Mechanisms of inherited cancer Mechanisms of inherited cancer
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Inherited breast cancer Inherited breast cancer
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Hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndromes (HBOS) Hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndromes (HBOS)
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Incidence Incidence
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Inheritance pattern Inheritance pattern
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Genetics and pathology Genetics and pathology
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Clinical management Clinical management
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Primary prevention Primary prevention
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Secondary prevention Secondary prevention
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Treatment of BRCA-associated breast cancer Treatment of BRCA-associated breast cancer
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Hereditary colorectal cancer Hereditary colorectal cancer
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Familial adenomatous polyposis Familial adenomatous polyposis
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Incidence Incidence
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Genetics and pathology Genetics and pathology
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Primary prevention Primary prevention
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Secondary prevention Secondary prevention
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Management of colonic carcinoma Management of colonic carcinoma
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Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Incidence Incidence
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Genetics and pathology Genetics and pathology
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Primary prevention Primary prevention
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Secondary prevention Secondary prevention
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Management of colonic carcinoma Management of colonic carcinoma
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Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS)
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Inheritance pattern Inheritance pattern
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Genetics and pathology Genetics and pathology
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Incidence Incidence
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Clinical management Clinical management
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Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) syndrome Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) syndrome
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Inheritance pattern Inheritance pattern
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Genetics and pathology Genetics and pathology
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Incidence Incidence
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Clinical management Clinical management
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Multiple neuroendocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes Multiple neuroendocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Inheritance Inheritance
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Genetics and pathology Genetics and pathology
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Incidence Incidence
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Clinical management Clinical management
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Further reading Further reading
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Internet resources Internet resources
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Genetic counselling Genetic counselling
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Who should be referred for genetic counselling? Who should be referred for genetic counselling?
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The genetic counselling process The genetic counselling process
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Taking a family history: key points Taking a family history: key points
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Verifying the family history Verifying the family history
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Identifying the potential genetic fault Identifying the potential genetic fault
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Pattern of inheritance Pattern of inheritance
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Autosomal dominant Autosomal dominant
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Penetrance: Penetrance:
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Autosomal recessive Autosomal recessive
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Type of malignancies Type of malignancies
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Risk assessment models Risk assessment models
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Who should be tested? Who should be tested?
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Genetic testing Genetic testing
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Full mutation screen Full mutation screen
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Partial mutation screen Partial mutation screen
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Predictive testing Predictive testing
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Explaining genetic test results Explaining genetic test results
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Mutation screening Mutation screening
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Advantages and disadvantages of mutation screening Advantages and disadvantages of mutation screening
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Predictive testing Predictive testing
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Advantages and disadvantages of predictive testing Advantages and disadvantages of predictive testing
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Advantages Advantages
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Disadvantages Disadvantages
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Confidentiality Confidentiality
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Further reading Further reading
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Internet resources Internet resources
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Principles of cancer diagnosis and management Principles of cancer diagnosis and management
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Introduction Introduction
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Investigations for a suspected cancer Investigations for a suspected cancer
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Diagnostic investigations Diagnostic investigations
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Blood tests Blood tests
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Serum tumour markers Serum tumour markers
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Imaging Imaging
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Endoscopy Endoscopy
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Histology Histology
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Staging investigations Staging investigations
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Functional and molecular imaging Functional and molecular imaging
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Pretreatment assessment Pretreatment assessment
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Staging Staging
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Prognostic factors Prognostic factors
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Multidisciplinary management Multidisciplinary management
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Initial consultation and breaking the news Initial consultation and breaking the news
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Decision about the most appropriate treatment Decision about the most appropriate treatment
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Intent of treatment Intent of treatment
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Palliation Palliation
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Internet and information overload Internet and information overload
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Implementing planned treatment Implementing planned treatment
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Follow-up during treatment Follow-up during treatment
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Second opinions Second opinions
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Support during treatment Support during treatment
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Follow-up after treatment and management of recurrence Follow-up after treatment and management of recurrence
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Beyond cure and survivorship Beyond cure and survivorship
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Further reading Further reading
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Internet resources Internet resources
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Principles of surgical oncology Principles of surgical oncology
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Introduction Introduction
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Role of surgery in diagnosis and staging Role of surgery in diagnosis and staging
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Role of surgery in treatment Role of surgery in treatment
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Curative surgery Curative surgery
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Surgery of the primary tumour Surgery of the primary tumour
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Surgery of regional lymph nodes Surgery of regional lymph nodes
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Debulking surgery Debulking surgery
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Metastatectomy Metastatectomy
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Salvage surgery Salvage surgery
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Palliative and emergency surgery Palliative and emergency surgery
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Reconstructive (oncoplastic) surgery Reconstructive (oncoplastic) surgery
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Risk reduction surgery Risk reduction surgery
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Minimal access surgery Minimal access surgery
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Robotic surgery Robotic surgery
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Further reading Further reading
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Radiotherapy Radiotherapy
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Role in the treatment of cancer Role in the treatment of cancer
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Mode of action Mode of action
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Types of radiotherapy treatment Types of radiotherapy treatment
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Superficial X-rays (orthovoltage) Superficial X-rays (orthovoltage)
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Brachytherapy Brachytherapy
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Radio isotopes Radio isotopes
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Megavoltage radiotherapy Megavoltage radiotherapy
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Protons Protons
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Stereotactic radiotherapy Stereotactic radiotherapy
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The radiotherapy process The radiotherapy process
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Collection of relevant data Collection of relevant data
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Devising of an optimal treatment plan/calculation of dose distributions Devising of an optimal treatment plan/calculation of dose distributions
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Delivery of treatment and verification of accuracy Delivery of treatment and verification of accuracy
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Special techniques Special techniques
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Monitoring treatment effects Monitoring treatment effects
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Further reading Further reading
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Principles of systemic therapy Principles of systemic therapy
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Introduction Introduction
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Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) measurements Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) measurements
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Chemotherapy Chemotherapy
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Cellular kinetics Cellular kinetics
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Combination chemotherapy Combination chemotherapy
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Drug resistance Drug resistance
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Classification of chemotherapy agents Classification of chemotherapy agents
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Alkylating agents Alkylating agents
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Antimetabolites Antimetabolites
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Natural products Natural products
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Recent advances in chemotherapy Recent advances in chemotherapy
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Hormonal therapy Hormonal therapy
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Principles of hormone therapy Principles of hormone therapy
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Types of hormone therapy Types of hormone therapy
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Disruption of steroid synthesis Disruption of steroid synthesis
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Molecularly targeted therapy Molecularly targeted therapy
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Target and agent development Target and agent development
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Functional and molecular imaging studies Functional and molecular imaging studies
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Types of molecularly targeted agents Types of molecularly targeted agents
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Small molecule inhibitors Small molecule inhibitors
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General differences between small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies General differences between small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies
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The future of molecularly targeted agents The future of molecularly targeted agents
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Immunotherapy Immunotherapy
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Principles of immunotherapy Principles of immunotherapy
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Cancer vaccines Cancer vaccines
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Monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies
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T-cell based adoptive therapy T-cell based adoptive therapy
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Cytokines Cytokines
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The future of immunotherapy in oncology The future of immunotherapy in oncology
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Further reading Further reading
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Cite
Extract
Cancer prevention
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process consisting of progressive molecular and cellular changes leading to early invasive cancer and finally to distant metastasis and death. The initiation and progression of cancer usually takes years. Attempts are being made to reverse the molecular and cellular changes at an early state of cancer initiation or progression. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that at least one-third of all cancers are preventable and cancer prevention is the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer.
Risk and protective factors of cancer
Smoking, infection, and radiation have been shown to increase the risk of various cancers. A number of lifestyle factors such as diet, alcohol, and physical activity have been studied. These factors have an uncertain association with cancer. Obesity is being increasingly recognized as a risk factor.
Smoking and cancer
Smoking is the single largest preventable cause of cancer worldwide. It causes 30% of all cancer deaths. Smoking increases the risk of lung, head and neck, oesophageal, stomach, pancreas, cervical, and bladder cancer. Smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancer deaths.
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