
Contents
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8.1 Cancer of the kidney 8.1 Cancer of the kidney
-
Epidemiology Epidemiology
-
Aetiology Aetiology
-
Pseudohypoxic syndromes Pseudohypoxic syndromes
-
Non-pseudohypoxic syndromes Non-pseudohypoxic syndromes
-
Genetics of sporadic CC-RCCs Genetics of sporadic CC-RCCs
-
Genetics of sporadic non-CC-RCC tumours Genetics of sporadic non-CC-RCC tumours
-
-
Pathology Pathology
-
Clinical features Clinical features
-
Diagnosis Diagnosis
-
Imaging Imaging
-
-
Clinical risk stratification Clinical risk stratification
-
Non-metastatic disease Non-metastatic disease
-
Metastatic disease Metastatic disease
-
-
Surgical management Surgical management
-
Curative surgery Curative surgery
-
Role of surgery in metastatic disease Role of surgery in metastatic disease
-
Surgery of primary tumour Surgery of primary tumour
-
Surgery of loco-regional metastasis Surgery of loco-regional metastasis
-
Surgery of distant metastasis (metastatectomy) Surgery of distant metastasis (metastatectomy)
-
-
-
-
8.2 Non-surgical management of cancer of the kidney 8.2 Non-surgical management of cancer of the kidney
-
Radiotherapy Radiotherapy
-
Special situations Special situations
-
Systemic therapy in RCC Systemic therapy in RCC
-
Adjuvant (postnephrectomy) Adjuvant (postnephrectomy)
-
Advanced/metastatic CC-RCC Advanced/metastatic CC-RCC
-
Single agent antiangiogenic multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) Single agent antiangiogenic multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)
-
-
Growth factor pathway inhibitors: mTOR inhibition Growth factor pathway inhibitors: mTOR inhibition
-
T cell checkpoint inhibitors T cell checkpoint inhibitors
-
Combinations of TKI and T cell checkpoint inhibitors Combinations of TKI and T cell checkpoint inhibitors
-
Treatment algorithm for CC-RCC Treatment algorithm for CC-RCC
-
Non-CC-RCC Non-CC-RCC
-
Experimental immunotherapies Experimental immunotherapies
-
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
8.3 Urothelial and bladder cancer overview 8.3 Urothelial and bladder cancer overview
-
Epidemiology Epidemiology
-
Aetiology Aetiology
-
Gene abnormalities resulting in disruption of cell-regulatory processes Gene abnormalities resulting in disruption of cell-regulatory processes
-
Chemical exposure Chemical exposure
-
Chronic irritation Chronic irritation
-
-
Pathology Pathology
-
Anatomy of urinary bladder and patterns of spread Anatomy of urinary bladder and patterns of spread
-
Primary site Primary site
-
Regional lymph nodes Regional lymph nodes
-
Metastatic sites Metastatic sites
-
-
Anatomy of renal pelvis and ureter and patterns of spread Anatomy of renal pelvis and ureter and patterns of spread
-
Primary site Primary site
-
Regional lymph nodes Regional lymph nodes
-
Metastatic sites Metastatic sites
-
-
Histology Histology
-
Urothelial or transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) Urothelial or transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
-
Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma
-
Adenocarcinoma Adenocarcinoma
-
-
-
Histological grading Histological grading
-
Clinical features Clinical features
-
Diagnosis Diagnosis
-
Symptoms Symptoms
-
Physical examination Physical examination
-
Imaging Imaging
-
MRI and CT scan MRI and CT scan
-
Ultrasonography Ultrasonography
-
Urinary cytology and urinary markers Urinary cytology and urinary markers
-
Cystoscopy Cystoscopy
-
-
Transurethral resection of invasive bladder tumours Transurethral resection of invasive bladder tumours
-
Bladder and prostatic urethral biopsy Bladder and prostatic urethral biopsy
-
Fluorescence cystoscopy Fluorescence cystoscopy
-
Second resection Second resection
-
-
-
Staging Staging
-
Prognosis Prognosis
-
Prognostic factors of primary tumours Prognostic factors of primary tumours
-
Prognostic factors for metastatic disease Prognostic factors for metastatic disease
-
-
Guidelines on assessment of tumour specimens after radical cystectomy Guidelines on assessment of tumour specimens after radical cystectomy
-
Mandatory evaluations Mandatory evaluations
-
Optional evaluations Optional evaluations
-
-
Comments Comments
-
-
Internet resources Internet resources
-
8.4 Management of localized and muscle invasive disease of bladder cancer 8.4 Management of localized and muscle invasive disease of bladder cancer
-
Surgery Surgery
-
Superficial bladder cancer Superficial bladder cancer
-
Transurethral resection of Ta and T1 bladder tumours Transurethral resection of Ta and T1 bladder tumours
-
Cystectomy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer Cystectomy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer
-
-
Invasive bladder cancer Invasive bladder cancer
-
Radical surgery Radical surgery
-
Laparoscopic cystectomy Laparoscopic cystectomy
-
Urinary diversion after radical cystectomy Urinary diversion after radical cystectomy
-
-
Conclusions Conclusions
-
-
Role of radiotherapy Role of radiotherapy
-
Primary radiotherapy Primary radiotherapy
-
Radiotherapy Radiotherapy
-
Chemoradiotherapy Chemoradiotherapy
-
-
Role of chemotherapy Role of chemotherapy
-
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
-
Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy
-
Conclusions Conclusions
-
-
Recommendations Recommendations
-
Radical radiotherapy Radical radiotherapy
-
Radical cystectomy Radical cystectomy
-
Urinary diversion Urinary diversion
-
Intravesical therapy Intravesical therapy
-
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
-
Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy
-
-
-
8.5 Management of advanced and metastatic disease of bladder cancer 8.5 Management of advanced and metastatic disease of bladder cancer
-
Principles of management Principles of management
-
Metastatic disease Metastatic disease
-
Prognostic factors and treatment decisions Prognostic factors and treatment decisions
-
-
Role of radiotherapy and multimodality treatment for muscle-invasive disease Role of radiotherapy and multimodality treatment for muscle-invasive disease
-
Palliative radiotherapy Palliative radiotherapy
-
Role of chemotherapy Role of chemotherapy
-
-
Role of surgery Role of surgery
-
Palliative cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma Palliative cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma
-
Low volume disease and post-chemotherapy surgery Low volume disease and post-chemotherapy surgery
-
-
Conclusions Conclusions
-
Palliative care Palliative care
-
Palliative radiotherapy Palliative radiotherapy
-
The evaluation of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) The evaluation of health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
-
Conclusions Conclusions
-
-
Recommendations Recommendations
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
Internet resources Internet resources
-
8.6 Management of non-transitional urothelial cancer 8.6 Management of non-transitional urothelial cancer
-
Introduction Introduction
-
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs)
-
Adenocarcinomas Adenocarcinomas
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
Internet resources Internet resources
-
8.7 Cancer of the ureter and renal pelvis 8.7 Cancer of the ureter and renal pelvis
-
Introduction Introduction
-
Clinical features and investigations Clinical features and investigations
-
Treatment Treatment
-
Surgery Surgery
-
Adjuvant combined modality therapy Adjuvant combined modality therapy
-
Chemotherapy Chemotherapy
-
-
Summary Summary
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
8.8 Prostate cancer overview 8.8 Prostate cancer overview
-
Epidemiology Epidemiology
-
Aetiology Aetiology
-
Pathology Pathology
-
Gleason grade Gleason grade
-
-
-
8.9 Clinical features, diagnosis, staging, natural history, screening, and prognosis of prostate cancer 8.9 Clinical features, diagnosis, staging, natural history, screening, and prognosis of prostate cancer
-
Clinical features Clinical features
-
Diagnosis Diagnosis
-
TRUS biopsy TRUS biopsy
-
Prostate-specific antigen Prostate-specific antigen
-
-
Staging Staging
-
Risk stratification Risk stratification
-
Roach formulae Roach formulae
-
-
Natural history Natural history
-
Screening Screening
-
Prognosis Prognosis
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
8.10 Treatment of localized disease for prostate cancer 8.10 Treatment of localized disease for prostate cancer
-
Principles of management Principles of management
-
Active surveillance Active surveillance
-
Watchful waiting Watchful waiting
-
Radical prostatectomy Radical prostatectomy
-
Radical radiotherapy Radical radiotherapy
-
Radiotherapy techniques Radiotherapy techniques
-
Brachytherapy Brachytherapy
-
Low-dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy Low-dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy
-
High-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy High-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy
-
-
Cryotherapy Cryotherapy
-
High intensity frequency ultrasound (HIFU) High intensity frequency ultrasound (HIFU)
-
-
Role of endocrine therapy in localized disease Role of endocrine therapy in localized disease
-
Neoadjuvant hormones Neoadjuvant hormones
-
Adjuvant hormones Adjuvant hormones
-
Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy
-
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
8.11 Treatment of advanced disease for prostate cancer 8.11 Treatment of advanced disease for prostate cancer
-
Principles of management Principles of management
-
First-line treatment First-line treatment
-
Intermittent therapy Intermittent therapy
-
Early chemotherapy Early chemotherapy
-
Second- and third-line treatments Second- and third-line treatments
-
Hormone refractory disease Hormone refractory disease
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
8.12 Detection and treatment of recurrence of prostate cancer 8.12 Detection and treatment of recurrence of prostate cancer
-
Significance of early detection of recurrence Significance of early detection of recurrence
-
Postoperative recurrence Postoperative recurrence
-
Treatment of persistent PSA elevation Treatment of persistent PSA elevation
-
Salvage radiotherapy technique Salvage radiotherapy technique
-
Post-irradiation recurrence Post-irradiation recurrence
-
Distant recurrence Distant recurrence
-
-
8.13 Palliative care and symptom control for prostate cancer 8.13 Palliative care and symptom control for prostate cancer
-
Introduction Introduction
-
Bone metastases Bone metastases
-
Radiotherapy Radiotherapy
-
Bisphosphonates Bisphosphonates
-
-
Spinal cord compression Spinal cord compression
-
Decompressive surgery Decompressive surgery
-
Radiotherapy Radiotherapy
-
-
Obstructive uropathy Obstructive uropathy
-
Other symptoms Other symptoms
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
Internet resources Internet resources
-
8.14 Testicular cancer overview 8.14 Testicular cancer overview
-
Epidemiology Epidemiology
-
Aetiology Aetiology
-
Genetic factors Genetic factors
-
Environmental factors Environmental factors
-
-
Individuals at high risk Individuals at high risk
-
Pathology Pathology
-
Seminoma Seminoma
-
Non-seminoma Non-seminoma
-
Teratoma Teratoma
-
Embryonal carcinoma Embryonal carcinoma
-
Yolk sac tumours Yolk sac tumours
-
Choriocarcinoma Choriocarcinoma
-
Testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN) Testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN)
-
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
8.15 Clinical features, diagnosis, TIN, staging, and prognosis for testicular cancer 8.15 Clinical features, diagnosis, TIN, staging, and prognosis for testicular cancer
-
Clinical features Clinical features
-
Diagnosis Diagnosis
-
Pattern of metastases Pattern of metastases
-
Mandatory diagnostic work-up Mandatory diagnostic work-up
-
-
TIN TIN
-
Prevalence of TIN Prevalence of TIN
-
Treatment of TIN in the contralateral testicle Treatment of TIN in the contralateral testicle
-
-
Staging Staging
-
Sensitivity to chemotherapy Sensitivity to chemotherapy
-
-
8.16 Management of low stage seminoma testicular cancer 8.16 Management of low stage seminoma testicular cancer
-
Orchiectomy Orchiectomy
-
Organ-sparing surgery Organ-sparing surgery
-
-
Clinical stage I Clinical stage I
-
Approach Approach
-
Advantages Advantages
-
Disadvantages Disadvantages
-
-
Radiotherapy Radiotherapy
-
Approach Approach
-
Advantages Advantages
-
Disadvantages Disadvantages
-
-
Surveillance Surveillance
-
Approach Approach
-
Advantages Advantages
-
Disadvantages Disadvantages
-
-
Carboplatin Carboplatin
-
Approach Approach
-
Advantages Advantages
-
Disadvantages Disadvantages
-
-
International consensus International consensus
-
Clinical stage II Clinical stage II
-
Radiotherapy Radiotherapy
-
Approach Approach
-
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
8.17 Management of low stage non-seminoma testicular cancer 8.17 Management of low stage non-seminoma testicular cancer
-
Orchiectomy Orchiectomy
-
Clinical stage I Clinical stage I
-
Surveillance Surveillance
-
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy Cisplatin-based chemotherapy
-
Management Management
-
-
Clinical stage II Clinical stage II
-
-
8.18 Prognosis and management of advanced testicular cancer disease 8.18 Prognosis and management of advanced testicular cancer disease
-
Prognostic grouping Prognostic grouping
-
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy Cisplatin-based chemotherapy
-
Dosage Dosage
-
-
Good risk Good risk
-
Intermediate or poor risk Intermediate or poor risk
-
Management of residual tumour Management of residual tumour
-
Seminoma Seminoma
-
Non-seminoma Non-seminoma
-
-
Management of recurrence Management of recurrence
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
8.19 Testicular cancer follow-up 8.19 Testicular cancer follow-up
-
Introduction Introduction
-
Follow-up Follow-up
-
Wait-and-see surveillance Wait-and-see surveillance
-
High-risk factors in seminomas High-risk factors in seminomas
-
High-risk factor in non-seminomas High-risk factor in non-seminomas
-
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
Internet resources Internet resources
-
8.20 Penile cancer overview 8.20 Penile cancer overview
-
Epidemiology Epidemiology
-
Aetiology Aetiology
-
Pathology Pathology
-
Clinical features Clinical features
-
Diagnosis Diagnosis
-
Staging Staging
-
-
8.21 Management of penile cancer 8.21 Management of penile cancer
-
Management of non-invasive disease Management of non-invasive disease
-
Management of invasive disease Management of invasive disease
-
Role of surgery Role of surgery
-
Radiotherapy Radiotherapy
-
Side effects of radiotherapy to the penis Side effects of radiotherapy to the penis
-
-
Brachytherapy Brachytherapy
-
Management of lymph nodes Management of lymph nodes
-
Chemotherapy Chemotherapy
-
Prognosis Prognosis
-
Palliative treatment Palliative treatment
-
-
Further reading Further reading
-
Internet resources Internet resources
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cite
Abstract
This chapter deals with renal, bladder, prostate and penile cancers, and tumours of the testis. Epidemiology, aetiology, and risk factors including specific genetic mutations as well as general lifestyle factors are described for each tumour type. For renal tumours, classification takes into account different clinical behaviours and genetic mutations. The role of surgery in the cure of disease and treatment of metastatic disease are discussed as well as the role of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and the use of tyrosine kinase, mTor, and T-cell checkpoint inhibition. The role of surgery in bladder cancer is defined in the management of localized and muscle invasive cancer and the use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both in advanced or metastatic disease. As well as discussion of the different aspects of management of prostate cancer, consideration is given to the use of absolute values of PSA measurement and other parameters in screening, treatment monitoring, and surveillance. Endocrine therapies are also discussed. Epidemiology aetiology, genetic factors, and pathology of testicular tumours are considered and the curative potential of treatment is underlined as well as the appropriate use of surveillance. For penile cancer treatment, modalities including surgery and different radiotherapy approaches are outlined.
Sign in
Personal account
- Sign in with email/username & password
- Get email alerts
- Save searches
- Purchase content
- Activate your purchase/trial code
- Add your ORCID iD
Purchase
Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.
Purchasing informationMonth: | Total Views: |
---|---|
October 2022 | 1 |
November 2022 | 1 |
December 2022 | 3 |
July 2023 | 2 |
August 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 1 |
November 2023 | 3 |
December 2023 | 1 |
June 2024 | 1 |
July 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 2 |
February 2025 | 1 |
Get help with access
Institutional access
Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:
IP based access
Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.
Sign in through your institution
Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.
If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.
Sign in with a library card
Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.
Society Members
Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:
Sign in through society site
Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:
If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.
Sign in using a personal account
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.
Personal account
A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.
Viewing your signed in accounts
Click the account icon in the top right to:
Signed in but can't access content
Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.
Institutional account management
For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.