
Contents
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3.0.1 Pyrotechnology 3.0.1 Pyrotechnology
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3.1 Structural materials I: lithics, rocks, stones, structural clay products, ceramics 3.1 Structural materials I: lithics, rocks, stones, structural clay products, ceramics
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3.1.1 Lithics, rocks, stones 3.1.1 Lithics, rocks, stones
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3.1.2 Structural clay products, ceramics 3.1.2 Structural clay products, ceramics
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3.1.2.1 Chemical and mineralogical composition 3.1.2.1 Chemical and mineralogical composition
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3.1.2.2 The physical‐chemistry of the firing process 3.1.2.2 The physical‐chemistry of the firing process
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3.1.2.3 Physical properties and classification 3.1.2.3 Physical properties and classification
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3.1.2.4 Characterization methods and interpretation 3.1.2.4 Characterization methods and interpretation
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3.2 Structural materials II: cements, mortars, and other binders 3.2 Structural materials II: cements, mortars, and other binders
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3.2.1 Lime‐based materials 3.2.1 Lime‐based materials
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3.2.1.1 Dating of mortars 3.2.1.1 Dating of mortars
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3.2.2 Gypsum‐based materials 3.2.2 Gypsum‐based materials
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3.2.3 Clinker‐based materials 3.2.3 Clinker‐based materials
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3.3 Pigments 3.3 Pigments
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3.4 Glass and faience 3.4 Glass and faience
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3.4.1 The nature and composition of vitreous materials 3.4.1 The nature and composition of vitreous materials
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3.4.2 Source materials and manufacturing techniques 3.4.2 Source materials and manufacturing techniques
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3.4.3 Glass alteration and degradation processes 3.4.3 Glass alteration and degradation processes
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3.4.4 Analytical techniques for glass studies 3.4.4 Analytical techniques for glass studies
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3.5 Metals 3.5 Metals
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3.5.1 Metal science 3.5.1 Metal science
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3.5.2 Ore, mines, smelting 3.5.2 Ore, mines, smelting
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3.5.2.1 Provenance 3.5.2.1 Provenance
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3.5.2.2 Diffusion vs multiple invention 3.5.2.2 Diffusion vs multiple invention
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3.5.2.3 The investigation of metallurgical sites 3.5.2.3 The investigation of metallurgical sites
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3.5.3 Characterization of metal objects 3.5.3 Characterization of metal objects
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3.5.3.1 Chemical composition 3.5.3.1 Chemical composition
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3.5.3.2 Physical properties and microstructure 3.5.3.2 Physical properties and microstructure
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3.5.3.3 Surface analysis 3.5.3.3 Surface analysis
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3.6 Gems 3.6 Gems
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3.7 Organic materials 3.7 Organic materials
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3.7.1 Bones and ivory 3.7.1 Bones and ivory
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3.7.1.1 Bone material: major components and hierarchical organization [F. Berna] 3.7.1.1 Bone material: major components and hierarchical organization [F. Berna]
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3.7.1.2 Mineralized collagen fibril [F. Berna] 3.7.1.2 Mineralized collagen fibril [F. Berna]
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3.7.1.3 Ivory 3.7.1.3 Ivory
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3.7.2 Amber and resins [I. Angelini] 3.7.2 Amber and resins [I. Angelini]
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3.7.2.1 Resins 3.7.2.1 Resins
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3.7.2.2 Amber and copal 3.7.2.2 Amber and copal
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3.7.2.3 Analytical methods for the study of resins and amber 3.7.2.3 Analytical methods for the study of resins and amber
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3.7.3 Paper [M. Bicchieri] 3.7.3 Paper [M. Bicchieri]
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3.7.3.1 Paper degradation 3.7.3.1 Paper degradation
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3.7.3.2 Paper analysis: destructive 3.7.3.2 Paper analysis: destructive
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pH pH
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Carboxylic groups measurements Carboxylic groups measurements
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Carbonylic groups measurements Carbonylic groups measurements
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Degree of polymerization Degree of polymerization
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Fibre analysis Fibre analysis
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Comments on destructive tests Comments on destructive tests
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3.7.3.3 Paper analysis: non‐destructive 3.7.3.3 Paper analysis: non‐destructive
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FTIR and ATR‐FTIR FTIR and ATR‐FTIR
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Raman Raman
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AFM AFM
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X‐ray fluorescence X‐ray fluorescence
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SEM‐EDS SEM‐EDS
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Comments on non‐destructive tests Comments on non‐destructive tests
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3.7.4 Fibres and textiles 3.7.4 Fibres and textiles
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3.7.5 Natural organic dyes and pigments in art [J. Wouters] 3.7.5 Natural organic dyes and pigments in art [J. Wouters]
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3.7.5.1 HPLC‐PDA as a protocol for the analysis of natural dyes 3.7.5.1 HPLC‐PDA as a protocol for the analysis of natural dyes
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A basic HPLC‐PDA analytical protocol A basic HPLC‐PDA analytical protocol
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3.7.5.2 Aspects of natural organic dye and pigment analysis in practice 3.7.5.2 Aspects of natural organic dye and pigment analysis in practice
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The Asian Organic Colourants project of the Getty Conservation Institute: a multidisciplinary approach (Grzywacz et al. 2008) The Asian Organic Colourants project of the Getty Conservation Institute: a multidisciplinary approach (Grzywacz et al. 2008)
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A special approach to satisfy conservator's needs (Wouters, unpublished report) A special approach to satisfy conservator's needs (Wouters, unpublished report)
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Presence of the Arrabidaea chica red dye in precolumbian textiles produced in Colombian Andean cultures (Devia et al. 2002a, 2002b) Presence of the Arrabidaea chica red dye in precolumbian textiles produced in Colombian Andean cultures (Devia et al. 2002a, 2002b)
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Rubiaceae in Roman and Coptic Egyptian textiles (Wouters et al. 2008) Rubiaceae in Roman and Coptic Egyptian textiles (Wouters et al. 2008)
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Conclusion Conclusion
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3.8 An example of complex composite materials and processes: Photography [D. Stulik and A. Kaplan] 3.8 An example of complex composite materials and processes: Photography [D. Stulik and A. Kaplan]
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3.8.1 Visual and microscopic methods of identification of photographs 3.8.1 Visual and microscopic methods of identification of photographs
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3.8.2 Identification of photographs using non‐contact and non‐destructive analytical methods and procedures 3.8.2 Identification of photographs using non‐contact and non‐destructive analytical methods and procedures
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3.8.3 X‐ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 3.8.3 X‐ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
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3.8.4 Quantitative XRF analysis of photographs 3.8.4 Quantitative XRF analysis of photographs
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3.8.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry 3.8.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry
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3.8.6 Portable laboratory for research of photographs 3.8.6 Portable laboratory for research of photographs
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3.8.7 Analysis of photographs using invasive methods of analysis 3.8.7 Analysis of photographs using invasive methods of analysis
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3.8.8 The future of scientific and analytical techniques in research of photographs 3.8.8 The future of scientific and analytical techniques in research of photographs
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Further reading Further reading
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3 3 Materials and case studies: how to meet the needs
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Published:July 2010
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Abstract
The materials science aspects of cultural heritage materials are treated in detail, focusing on their physico-chemical and engineering properties, on the production technologies, and on the processes acting upon them. The most common classes of materials are described, including structural materials (lithics, rocks, clay products, ceramics, cements, mortars, binders), pigments and dyes, glass and faience, metals, gems, organic materials (bone, ivory, amber, resins, paper, textiles), photographic materials. Emphasis is placed on their properties and the relation to their use through prehistory and history. The general approach insists on the concept that each material can be analysed at different space–energy scales, thus each technique commonly provides only part of the information needed for the complete characterization of the material and the assessment and interpretation of the processes involved. Clarifying case studies and seminal applications, encompassing provenancing and degradation issues, are treated and referenced in detail.
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