Cicero the Advocate
Cicero the Advocate
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Abstract
This book considers Cicero's forensic speeches as acts of advocacy, that is, designed to ensure that the person he represents is acquitted or that the person he is prosecuting is found guilty. It sets the speeches within the context of the court system of the Late Roman Republic and explores the strategies available to Roman advocates to win the votes of jurors. The book deals with issues concerning the general nature of advocacy, the court system in ancient Rome as compared with other ancient and modern systems, the Roman ‘profession’ of advocacy and its etiquette, the place of advocacy in Cicero's career, the ancient theory of rhetoric and argument as applied to courtroom advocacy, and the relationship between the published texts of the speeches as we have them and the speeches actually delivered in court. Other topics covered by the book include legal procedure in Cicero's time, Cicero's Italian clients, Cicero's methods of setting out or alluding to the facts of a case, his use of legal arguments, arguments from character, invective, self-reference, and emotional appeal. Some particular speeches are discussed as case studies covering the period of the height of Cicero's career, from 70 BC, when he became acknowledged as the leading Roman advocate, to 49 BC when Julius Caesar's dictatorship required Cicero to adapt his well-tried forensic techniques to drastically new circumstances. Those speeches contain arguments on a wide range of subject matter, including provincial maladministration, usurpation of citizenship rights, violent dispossession, the religious law relating to the consecration of property, poisoning, bribery, and political offences.
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Front Matter
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Introduction
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PART I THEMES
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1
Legal Procedure in Cicero’s Time
Andrew Lintott
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2
Self-Reference in Cicero’s Forensic Speeches
Jeremy Paterson
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3
A Volscian Mafia? Cicero and his Italian Clients in the Forensic Speeches
Kathryn Lomas
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4
Reading Cicero’s Narratives
D. S. Levene
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5
Cicero and the Law
Jill Harries
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6
The Rhetoric of Character in the Roman Courts
Andrew M. Riggsby
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7
Audience Expectations, Invective, and Proof
Christopher Craig
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8
Perorations
Michael Winterbottom
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1
Legal Procedure in Cicero’s Time
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PART II CASE STUDIES
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9
Being Economical with the Truth: What Really Happened at Lampsacus?
Catherine Steel
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10
Repetition and Unity in a Civil Law Speech: The Pro Caecina
Michael Winterbottom
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11
II The Advocate as a Professional: The Role of the Patronus in Cicero’s Pro Cluentio
Christopher Burnand
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12
Literature and Persuasion in Cicero’s Pro Archia
D. H. Berry
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13
De Domo Sua: Legal Problem and Structure
Wilfried Stroh
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14
The Dilemma of Cicero’s Speech for Ligarius
P. Johnson Jeffrey
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15
Epilogue: Cicero and the Modern Advocate
John Laws
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9
Being Economical with the Truth: What Really Happened at Lampsacus?
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End Matter
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